963
D. VAN DER HAAR !
Richard Stanyhurst's
AENEIS
ri. J. PARIS * AMSTERDAM
A 18-















Richard Stanyhurst's AENEIS







Richard Stanyhurst's AENEIS
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT, TER VERKRIJGING VAN DEN GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM, OP GEZAG VAN DEN RECTORMAGNIFICUS Mr I. H. HIJMANS. HOOGLEERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER RECHTSGELEERDHEID, IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP DINSDAG 28 MAART 1933 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4 UUR IN DE AULA DER UNIVERSITEIT DOOR
DIRK VAN DER HAAR
GEBOREN TE GENEMUIDEN
H. J. PARIS AMSTERDAM MCMXXXIII







AAN DE NAGEDACHTENIS VAN MIJN OUDERS AAN MIJN VROUW EN KINDEREN







Nu dit proefschrift is voltooid, is het mij een behoefte aan allen die tot het totstandkomen ervan hebben bijgedragen en aan hen die mij leiding en voorlichting gaven bij mijn studie, mijn hartelijken dank te betuigen.
Aan U, Hooggeleerde Swaen, Hooggeachte Promotor, breng ik mijn bij zonderen dank, voor alles wat gij voor mij geweest zijt èn gedurende mijn collegejaren èn gedurende den tijd van voorbereiding van dit proefschrift. Uw groote kennis waarvan ik mocht profiteeren, uw vriendelijke aanmoediging en uw oprechte belangstelling zal ik dankbaar blijven gedenken.
Tot U, Hooggeleerde Van der Gaaf, spreek ik eveneens mijn groote erkentelijkheid uit voor alles wat gij mij in uw colleges gegeven hebt. Ook uw groote kennis en heldere uiteenzettingen zal ik niet licht vergeten.
In dankbare herinnering gedenk ik de mooie colleges van wijlen Professor Boer, die ik steeds met zeer groote belangstelling heb gevolgd.
Hooggeachte Heer Van Bruggen, van U mocht ik mijn eerste onderricht in de Engelsche Taal ontvangen. Uw prachtige, steeds tot in de puntjes verzorgde lessen, deden mij het Engelsch kiezen als studievak, een keuze die mij nooit heeft berouwd. Ik breng U daarvoor mijn oprechten dank.
Zeergeleerde Vissink, voor de wijze waarop gij hebt voortgebouwd op de grondslagen gelegd door den Heer Van Bruggen betuig ik U mijn hartelijken dank.
Ten slotte dank ik alle ambtenaren van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek te Den Haag, van het British Museum te Londen en van de Bodleian Library te Oxford voor de vriendehjke hulp die ik van hun zijde mocht ontvangen.



CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
STANYHURST'S AENEIS 5*
NOTES J37
APPENDICES .195
I. THEE FIRST PSALME OF DAVID, BY R. STANYHURST 195
II. FRAGMENT FROM PHAER'S ENEIDOS 196
III. JOHN PATÉS' ADDRESS TO THE CURTEOUS READER 196
IV. LIST OF MISPRINTS IN ARBER'S EDITION OF STANYHURST . 197 BI BLIOGRAPHY SS»



INTRODUCTION
Life.
Richard Stanyhurst was born at Dublin in 1547. He was the son of James Stanyhurst, recorder of the City of Dublin, and speaker in "the parliamentes". Richard was instructed in "grammar learning", by Peter Whyte at Waterford and became a commoner of University College, Oxford, in 1563 While an undergraduate he became acquainted with Edmund Campion He gave notable proofs of his precocity by writing at the age of eighteén commentaries on Porphyry, which amazed Campion and other scholars bv their learning. They were published in 1570 as "Harmonia seu Catena Dia-lectica in Porphyrum".
After he had taken one degree in arts he left Oxford, and went to London where first he became a student in Furnival's Inn, and afterwards in Lineoln's Inn. After a stay in Ireland he became a Roman Catholic and, according to some writers, on account of this change of religion, crossed 'over to the Low Countries. It was there that he translated Virgil, which was pnnted at Leyden in 1582. During the printing of his book he appears to have been absent now and then, as we learn from his printer Patés' address to the 'Curteous reader'. After this he lived at Antwerp for a time, then went to Spain, came back again to the Netherlands and entered the Priesthood, probably about 1607. He was appointed Chaplain to the Archduke Albert of Austria and his wife, and died at Brussels in 1618.
For further details about his life I must refer to the Dictionary of National Biography and to Arber's Introduction to the 1880 Reprint, where many mteresting things are recorded, which, however, are of no importance here. The mam point of interest here is, that by his contemporaries he was considered to be a man of no small learning, which is even conceded by bis severest cntics, and therefore we may assume that he was quite capable of understanding Virgil thoroughly.
Works.
Besides his Commentaries on Porphyry, mentioned above, and his translation of the Aeneid Stanyhurst wrote: 1



Description of Ireland, and History of Ireland, which are to be found in Volume I of Holinshed's Chronicles, 1577. In Latin he wrote:
t. De Rebus in Hibernja gestis, libri quattuor, ad ^^t^^^' C^ rissimumque virum, P. Plunketum, Dommum Baronem Dunsanae^ ^
, DP Vita Sancti Patricü Hiberniae Apostoli, lib. ii, Antwerp. 1587.
I HeebS?madaanM5rKa in memoriam se£em festorum Virg. Manae. per^ngulos hebdomadae dies distnbutae. TtoJjü l6l4
4. Hebdomada eucharistica. . Vwrio Hibernio
•S5SSS3EHÏÏSS5-
Antrichristum.
The Leyden Edition and its Reprints.
The volume published at Leyden, 1582, contained, besides the fust. four bJL oflriLid, some smaller poems, viz. ^ F^^ff £ and "poetical conceites," i.a. a fragment from the eighth book of the
^^^^^'^in a fine-smaU Itaüc T'15
exSLdy rïre. In the 1836 reprint; the Editor states that not a single copy ofiïSdbeïntraced up to thaï time. Since then three haVe been discovered The copy whkh was in the posession of Earl Ashburnam, is now m th BritislXseum. Two leaves are missing, viz. pages 101 and 102, and page
'*%S*£ wh\ch tïfhe^operty of S. Christie-Miller of Britwell is in tiJloSLibrary, Oxford. It is complete, except for some holes m the last leaf. It is extremely dirty. ■ raiifnrnia
The third copy recorded is in the Huntingdon Library, Cahforma. The Levden tlxt was reprinted in 1583 by Henry Bynneman, London By^nin states: t «H I here and ^^^^^t letter, My purpose was to give more hght to the matter, 1***™^ sneech whereto our country men are most acqamted . f a"gfra^ SSSry Snot consistent. The following instances, bemg the different readings from the first twenty-five lines wul show this. 1582 line 3 soyle «83 soile
thoghe ***& line 4 swayns «warns hertelye ****** line 5 gaxbroyls g£*.
kne 6 cittye clttle 
1 Arber, p. 160



1582 line 9 bi 1583 by
predestinat predestinate
line 12 theare' there
Latin Latine
line 14 furye furie
line 15 thee the
cursd curs'd
line 16 sharp sharpe
captayne captaine
line 18 citty citty (cf. line 6)
theare there
line 19 Italye Italië
, seauerd seauer'd
line 20 streingh strength
line 21 theare there
line 22 owtcasting outcasting
armonye armorie
line 23 chiefly her ioylitye cheefly bir ioylitie
line 24 too to
line 25 destenye destinie
The fact alone that he tampered with the text makes it unfit for investigation, the more so as Stanyhurst again and again expresses the quantity of the syllables by his curious spelling.
In 1836 a reprint, based upon the 1583 edition, was published at Edinburgh. Only fifty copies were printed. Some more changes were introduced.
In 1880 Arber reprinted the Leyden edition. In his introduction he says "we have bestowed extraordinary care on the absolutely faithful reproduc-
tion of the Leyden text in its integrity", and in his Bibliography " it
has been possible herein to give a perfect text".
How carefully this kind of work should be done is shown by the fact that on collating the Leyden text and Arber's reprint I found no fewer than one hundred and seventy-eight deviations from the original. For the greater part these mistakes are of shght importance, because they are mainly:
ye for y and the reverse; he, the for hee and thee; u for w etc.
However, as Stanyhurst avails himself of this means, though not consistently, to express quantity of syllable, the reprint should be true to the original in this respect, too, if we wish to be fair to the author in our judgment of his hexameters, the more so, as nearly all critics after 1880 judge Stanyhurst by Arber's reprint. Only one or two took the trouble to consult the copies in London or Óxford. Before that time, all of them, with the exception of his contemporaries, only had the London and Edinburgh editions at their disposition. Even the compilers of the New English Dictionary refer to Arber, with the result, that, for instance, spooksmate, Aeneid III, 373, is recorded as spooksmake in the 1582, and spooksmate in the 1583 edition. The first form is due simply to Arber's misprint. Further the word "steam". = "to rise", occurring four times viz. I, 170,



II 20 II 2IQ, (up-steaming) 1111,209, the last of which expressmg the Hteral meaning: to rise like steam, the first three by transference simply: to rise was twice reproduced by Arber as streaming I, 170, II, 219. As a result of this, perhaps, "steam" in its transferred meaning is not recorded. As some critics accuse Stanyhurst of coining many words to fit the occasion, which convey no meaning to the reader, it is only fair to say that some of those in Arber's edition, are due to the editor and not to the author.
To give some examples:
II, m: oü for oft.
II, 286: herd for berd (beard).
III, 201: mostye for moystye.
III, 373: spooksmake for spooksmate.
lVy 513; seixteen for seixten (sexton).
IV, 642: house goods for house gods.
I have taken great pains to make the present edition as perfect as possible However, in view of the peculiar forms in this text I should not be at all surprised if a few misreadings should come to light, even after all the care bestowed upon it.
Orthography.
One of the most curious aspects of Stanyhurst's translation is its reckless spelling Even if we discount those cases where he changes the form to indicate quantity, as thee for the, passadge for passage, for which see his own introduction, more than enough is left to make us wonder how this author of aU men, had the courage to find fault with the spelling of some of his contemporaries, saying in his Preface, 1. 15: "sounding, as thee ignorant generaly, but falslye dooe write; nay, that where at I woonder more, thee learned trip theyre pennes at this stoane". '
Arber savs in his Introduction p. XXII: "hewill, doubtless, berevered as a Forerunner, by the Spelling Reformers of this and coming ages This is a bold and curious statement, because the first quahty to be expected from a spelling reformer would, in my opinion, be consistency. And although Stanyhurst, indeed, "reforms" some of the spellings, and simphfies others, he never does so consistently and very often has four vanants of the same word. In all this we must not forget that Stanyhurst may not be responsible for them all, as the book was printed abroad. The author did not correct all the proofs, as he was not in I^eyden during the whole time the book was beine printed, as John Patés states in his address to the Reader-
Thave seleéted some of the most striking examples, which follow here.
1 This form, curiously enough, is recorded correctly in the N. E. D.. dated 1582, so that this instance must have been taken from the original text.



% 333. apered; I, 128, apeered; Ded. 2, appeere. I, 128, armor; I, 189, armours; I, 346, armoure. I, 86, aunsward; I, 264, aunswerd; Ded. 47, answer. I, 9. bi; I, 30, bye; I, 32, by.
I, 216, cares; I, 492, cars; I, 663, caers; IV, 472, car's. II, 247, cabil; III, 652, cables; IV, 617, cabels. I, 269, child; II, 154, chyldreu; II, 469, chield. I, 6, cittye; L 18, citty; I, 702, cittye.
I, 38. coompanie; I, 5o, coompanye; I, 203, coompany; I, 589, companye I, 209, courradge; I, 469, curradge; I, 537, coorradge; II, 424, courraged; IV, 12, coorrage.
I, 58, countrey; I, 314, country; I, 339, countrye; IV, 149, contrye; IV, 642 countreye. ' I, 704, decked; III, 405, dect; III, 419, deckt. I, 17, doo; I, 64, doe; I, 431, dooe. I, 19, eke; I, 78, ek; I, 224, eeke.
I, 48, fats; I, 270, fates; III, 392, fat's; IV, 661, faets. I. 753. fire; II, 265, fyre; II, 308, fiers.
n, 9, eare; II, 93, herd; III, 567, hard; IV, 86, hyers; IV, 409, hyre- IV 604
heyre; (all forms of to hear). II, 231, midil; II, 525, medil; IV, 410, mydel; Pref. 25, middle. I, 92, mountan; I, 253, mountayn; II, 20, mounten; IV, 262, mounteyn I. 93. perst; III, 246, pearsd; III, 6, perced. I, 386, pettegrye; I, 647, pettegre;* Pref. 93, petit degree. I, 161, pietee; I, 534, pytye; II, 706, p}tye, II, 457, razte; II, 520, razde; II, 776, razd; IV, 361, razed. I. 655, saufred; I, 718, saffrod; IV, 627, saffrond. I, 22, settle; II, 364, settil; II, 693, settel. I, 496, targat; II, 398, target; II, 688, tergat. I, 316, tillagde; III, 492, tylladge; IV, 210, tilladge. !» 335. tongue; II, 224, tongs; II, 486, toonge. I. 596, yoouthlye; II, 539, yoithlye; III, 505, youthlye.
Some of his vague attempts at a systematic orthography, with frequent exceptions are:
1. e for i in adverbs from adjectives in y. e.g. I, 122, mightely;
I, 266, mirrelye; II, 700, prittelye;
III, 34, bluddelye.
As a result of this, probably, famely for family.
2. words in -ble, -ple, -die, have -bil, -pil, -dil.
IV, 481, marbil; I, 250, habil; I, 103, fabil;
II, 247, cabil; II, 282, bridil; IV, 546, tripil; !. 344. purpil.
3°. Final e is often dropped before suffixes and endings:



I, 48. fats; III, 297, maats; I, 60, rite; I, 101, riflye; II, 96, falsly.
4. an = aun.
III, 184, acceptaunce; t. I, 86, aunsward.
5. age == adge.
I, 540, adge; I, 79, passadge; I, 209, courradge.
6. oint, aint = oinct, ainct.
I, 72, apoinctment;
I, 17, sayncts.
7- //. % PP> tt> are often reP^0- by the sinSle consonant: I, 527, afurded; I, 147, alotted;
II, 145, apoincted; I, 113, aproching; I, 128, apeered; I, 759» atached; I, 347, atyred.
Both these Usts are by no means exhaustive and are only meant to give a general idea of what is to be expected in Stanyhurst. Those who may be inLested in the subject, are referred to: Karl Bernigau, Orthographie und Aussprachein Richard Stanyhurst's englische Übersetzung der Aeneide, Marburger Studiën zur englischen Phüologie, Marburg 1904., who in his detailed account of sounds and spellings wül, doubtless, satisfy the most inquisitive student.
The Translation. ,
"Only a poet can render in another tongue the works of a poet, and even a poet caimot ensure a just interpretation. Between l^ngaagejnd another there are obstacles of metre and style, of temper and music, which
"l^happ^otd my own ideas so beautifully expressed in the abovrsenSccTis, indeed, almost impossible to make aJxansktion m every respect the equivalent of the original poem. The• translator has to cStond wTth an enormous amount of difficulties, and of these Stanyhurst
1 The Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. IV, p. 16.



was well aware, as we see from his Dedication and Introduction. First and foremost the translator has to try and enter into the spirit of the poet, to see his visions, to feel his emptions, his indignation, in short to follow the workings of his heaft and mind. If We assume for a moment that this ideal should be realised, what second Hül of Difficulties is there for him to climb. He has to express in the language of another people, sometimes of an entirely different race, in a different age, in the ideas of another philosophy, what has been revealed to him. To turn to the case in question, Stanyhurst had to express the great story of Aeneas in a form entirely new in the English language. Only one or two before him had ever tried to write poetry in hexameters. There was no storehouse of experience of former poets to draw upon. He had to strike out a new path for himself. The technique of his metre was extremely hard to master. The terse Latin constructions had to be translated into a language of an altogether different structure. He had to put in prepositions, articles, pronouns, not present in the Latin; and yet there are people Who expect him to do this and keep to the same number of verses. At least, Schmidt states, that Stanyhurst added ninety-two verses and says: „Und zwar nehmen diese Hinzufügungen in Buch II und III, namentlich aber in IV zu. Im ersten Buche betragen sie nur 6, im zweiten 15, im dritten 14, im vierten sogar 57 Verse. Hieraus geht vor, dass der Dichter anfanglich bestrebt war, der Vorlage möglichst gerecht zu werden, sie Vers für Vers wiederzugeben" *. It is quite possible and even probable that Stanyhurst intended to do so, but even after the first few lines, he must have given up the idea of condensing the contents of Virgil's Aeneid in their entirety into the same number of English verses, and although he follows the story faithfully, he leaves out so many details, adds so many of his own and so often says the same thing twice, that the work can hardly be called a "translation". Adaptation would be a better word for it. It is interesting to quote here Stanyhurst's own words, "Thus Virgil in his Aeneis and Ovid in his Metamorphosis are so tickle in soom places, as they rather craue a construction than a translation" *
Stanyhurst in consequence puts in so many "constructions", that Schmidt, who has gone to the trouble of collecting all those passages where he lèft out, added or changed something, writes: "Das sind einzelne Belege statt vieler, die mir zu Gebote stünden; wir haben auf die Lange kein Interesse daran, unserem Dichter sein Specimen zu corrigieren".
This is only too true and for thftt reason I have feit justified in referring to the Latin only in those cases where the text was obscure and where only a comparison with the original could throw light upon the matter. It would be much better, therefore, to look upon Stanyhurst's work as more or less
1 H. Schmidt, Richard Stanyhurst's Übsrsetzung von Vergü's Aeneide I—IV. Diss. Breslau, 1887.
2 Dedication, 111, ff.



an original poem. Of course we cannot ignore the fact that all the matenal was supplied to him by Virgil; yet he treated his subject in a way so curious and original that the result was a poem of such an exceptional nature, that it will for ever be a curiosity in English literature.
In a survey of this piece of sixteenth century English, three aspects call for attention:
i°. The Style and the Spirit.
2°. The Metre.
3°. The Language. , I have considered the last of these as my main task; yet I should hke to say a few words upon the first two.
Style and Spirit. .
From the end of the sixteenth century up to the present Stanyhurst s translation has again and again attracted the interest of students of English Literature. The ridicule and scorn heaped upon him by his earher cntics, has given place tó a fairer criticism, and out of the haze of prejudice and misunderstanding his work has emerged into the broad daylight of senous investigation and it has won the appreciation of scholars hke Sainteburv1 Omond 2, Mc Kerrow 3, Stone 4. This appreciation, it must be said, is exclusively based on his hexameters. Hardly anyone, with the exception of Kington Oliphant and Marsh, refers to one of Stanyhurst's most remarkable qualities, his skül in coining new words. As to his style and the spirit of his work, they are treated only with derision and contempt. Yet, although nobody is likely to be desirous of raising Stanyhurst into the ranks of England's great poets, although his style is decidedly queer, and although the spirit of his poem cannot be mentioned in the same breath with that of hisI great original, I firmly beüeve that instead of laughmg andjeenng at him we ought to try and find some explanation of these pecuharities and so to come to a better understanding of a man, who most certamly was not a madman, as he has so often been called.
Stanyhurst's earliest, and because of his fame and influence, most dangerous critic, was his contemporary Thomas Nashe. It is because Nashe s criticism was quoted by the majority of his successors, and taken as proot conclusive of Stanyhurst's madness, and because I consider it simply as a piece of abuse, which proves nothing at all, that I shall have to dweil upon it at somewhat greater length than at first sight the subject seems to justrfy. it
1 G. Saintsbury, A History of English Prosody, II, p. 175-
2 T. S. Omond, English Metrists, p. 12, 13.
3 Mc Kerrow in Mod. Lang. Quarterly, IV, 174 ff; V, 6 ff.
« W J Stone On the Use of Classical Metres in English, p. 12.



occurs in the Preface to Greene's Menaphon *. After praising Gascoigne, Turbefville, Golding and Phaer, he says:
"But Fortune, the Mistrisse of change, with a pittying compassion respecting Maister Stanihursts praise, would that Phaer should fall that hee might rise, whose heroicall poetry, infired, I should say inspired, with an hexameter furie, recalled to life what euer hissed Barbarisme hath' been buried this C. yeere; and reuiued by his ragged quill such carterly varietie as no hodge plowman in a country but would haue held as the extremitie of clownerie: a patterne whereof I will propound to your iudgements, as' neere as I can, beeing part of one of his descriptions of a tempest, which is thus,
Then did he make heauens vault to rebounde,
with rounce robble hobble. Of ruffe raffe roaring,
with thwicke thwacke thurlerie bouncing.
Which strange language of the firmament, neuer subiect before to our common phrase, makes vs that are not vsed to terminate heauens mouing m the accents of any voice, esteeme of theire triobulare interpreter as of some Thrasonicall huffe snuffe, for so terrible was his stile to all milde eares, as would haue affrighted our peaceable Poets from intermedling hereafter with that quarrelling kind of verse, had not sweet Maister France, by bis excellent translation of Maister Thomas Watsons sugred Amiwtas animated their dulled spirits to such high witted indeuours".
Again, in "Strange News" 2 we read:
"Master Stannyhurst (though otherwise learned) trod a foule lumbring boystrous wallowing measure, in his translation of Virgil. He had neuer been praisd by Gabriel (i.e. Harvey) for his labour, if therein hee had not bin so famously absurd".
A comparison of the "patterne" given by Nashe with the fragment from the eighth book of the Aeneid by Stanyhurst, will show that Nashe simply strung together three of the most striking mimetics, with the evident intention of making the author appear ridiculous. The sentence "which strange language of the firmament neuer subiect before to oure common phrase", shows Stanyhurst's originality and courage in leaving the beaten track and shaping words of his own.
Both quotations are excellent examples of what Nashe's criticisms are like. Words hke: "hissed barbarisme, carterly varietie, extremitie of clownerie and triobulare interpreter", may have impressed Nashe's admirers but are simply "big" words that prove nothing and do not sound very convincing. That not too much importance should be attached to his criticism
* The Complete Works of T. Nashe. Ed. by R. B. Mc Kerrow, London, igos III ,io 2 ïb. I, 299. J' '0 9



is borne out by the statements of his contemporaries. In the fifth volume of Mc. Kerrow's edition there is a fine selection of these, some of which follow here.
Sir J. Harrington writes1: To doctor Harvey of Cambridge.
The prouerbe sayes, Who fights with durty foes Must needs be soyld, admit they winne or lose. Then think it doth a Doctors credit dash To make himselfe Antagonist to Nash?"
Thomas Dekker 8 in "News from Heil" says: "Thou .... T. Nash, from whose aboundant pen, hony flow'd to they friends, and mortall aconite to thy enemies"; another speaks of "railing like Nashe". — These may suffice to show that there is no reason whatever, why Nashe's words with regard to Stanyhurst should be quoted so often, whereas there is ample reason to believe that "he would never have railed so bitterly against Stanyhurst, if Harvey had not praised him".
George Puttenham in his "Arte of English Poesie", has a passage hearing on the subject in hand, which I will quote in full, because it shows what curious ideas he held, and what subtle distinctions he makes. He says 3: "And yet in speaking or writing of a Princes affaires and fortunes there is a certaine Decorum that we may not vse the same termes in their busines, as we might very wel doe in a meaner persons, the case being all one, such reuerence is due to their estates. As for example, if an Historiographer shal write of an Emperor or King, how such a day hee ioyned battel with his enemie, and being ouerlaide ranne out of the fielde, and tooke his heeles or put spurre to his horse and fled as fast as hee could: the termes be not decent, but of a meane souldier or captaine, it were not vndecently spoken. And as one who translating certaine bookes of Virgils Aeneidos into English meetre, said that Aeneas was fayne to trudge out of Troy which terme became better to be spoken of a beggar, or of a rogue, or a lackey: for so wee vse to say to such maner of people be trudging hence.
Another Englishing this word of Virgill [fato profugus] called Aeneas [by fate a fugitive] which was vndecentlye spoken, and not to the Authours intent in the same word, for whom he studied by all means to auaunce aboue all other men of the world for vërtue and magnanimitie, he meant not to make him a fugitiue. But by occasion of his great distresses and of the hardnesse of his destinies he would haue it appeare that Aeneas was enforced to flee out of Troy, and for many yeeres to be a romer and a wandrer about the world both by land and by sea [fato profugus] and neuer to find any resting place till he came into Italy, so as ye may evidently perceiue in this terme [fugitiue] a notable indignity offred to that princely
1 Thomas Nashe, Wks., Vol. V, p. 146.
2 ib. p. 151.
3 Puttenham: The Arte of English Poesie, ed. by Arber, Westminster, 1895.



person and by th'other word (a wanderer) none indignitie at all but rather a terme of loue and commiseration.
The same translatour (i.e. Stanyhurst) when he came to these wordes: Insignem pietate virum, tot voluere casus tot adire labores compulit. Hee turned it thus, what moued Iuno to tugge so great a captaine as Aeneas, which word tugge spoken in this case is so vndecent as none other coulde haue bene deuised, and tooke his originall from the cart, because it signifieth the pull or draught of the oxen or horses, and therefore the leathers that beare the chiefe stresse of the draught, the cartars call them tugges, and so wee vse to say that shrewd boy es tugge each other by the eares, for pull".
The only thing I can say to these observations is that I fail to see i°. why a king's flight should be described in a more dignified way than a captain's or a soldieir's; 2°. why a fugitive, which term may certainly be applied to Aeneas, should be called a wanderer or roamer. Although Puttenham's remarks are only partly directed against Stanyhurst, they show how fastidious the former is in the choice of his words. As to the words "trudge" and "tugge", for which see notes to Aeneid I, 7 and 16, they were used by contemporaries in approximately the same meaning, so that I cannot see the seriousness of Stanyhurst's offence.
Joseph Hall, who consecrated the sixth Satire of his Virgidemiarum to Stanyhurst, seems, just like Nashe, to object to the use of new-made words, saying:
If loue speake English in a thundring clowd Thwick thwack and Rif Raf rores he out aloud. Fie on the forged mint that did create New coyne of words neuer articulate".
This thwick thwack occurs in the fragment from the eighth book, where Stanyhurst writes:
"with thwick thwack sturdelye thundring".
Both Nashe and Hall have taken the word as an onomatopoeic, but it is much more likely that it refers to the lightning and not to the thunder, and it is a most beautiful word, excellently suggesting the jagged, vivid lines of a flash of lightning. Much though I should like to give Stanyhurst the credit of the word, I must acknowledge that he did not make it himself, but probably borrowed it, as the N.E.D. records one earlier instance dated 1575, R. B. Appius, 2 Virg. B ij B:
"with thwick thwack, with thump thump with bobbing and bum".
In Censura Literaria1 we find an article signed T. P. from which I will quote a short passage:
„Stanyhurst was so far from banishing any of our words, that he is rather to be blamed for introducing a number of new combinations, too uninviting
1 Censura Literaria, containing Titles, abstracts and opinions óf Old English Books London, 1805—1809, vol. IV, p. 234 ff.



for poetical adoption, and too repulsive even for prose-composition. His endeavour indeed seems to have been to render the sound an imitation of the sense; but he wanted taste and skill to accomplish his purpose with* agreeableness. The pure and exquisite style of Virgil which a modern critic has pronounced to be his only "preserving pickle" is therefore perverted by Stanyhurst into a species of travestie which has grossly libelled the original. To the golden beam of Phoebus he has yoked the team of a mudcart and is more adroit in the language of a carman than the rein of a charioteer". Follow some citations, and quotations from Hall, Puttenham and Nashe, and a remarkable note to hildens 1,148. T. P. says: "Hilding is a word used by Shakespeare for a hireling, or lacque". Rilden has got nothing to do with hilding; it is simply a compound: hill-den, i.e. cave in the hill in which the winds were locked up.
He closes thus: "In the ensuing lines, designed to emulate an eructation of Mount Aetna, he summons up that asinine dissonance of hexametrical fury which (Nash tells us) was so terrible to all mild ears, that it affrighted our peaceable poets from intermeddling hereafter with such quarrelling kind of verse".
Although T. P.'s descriptioh of Stanyhurst's style as compared with Virgil's is quite good, I must protest to his closing words. Does he expect a volcanic eruption to be melodious? And does he really think that "the milde ears of peaceable poets" will not be "shocked" by the sounds issuing from the bowels of the earth in an actual eruption?
To pass on to more recent criticisms. In Chamber's Cyclopaedia of English Literature1 we read:
"Few save Harvey's set thought Stanyhurst an improvement on Phaer. Nash and other contemporary critics had too ample reason for ridiculing and parodying this preposterous achievement, which is not merely awkward, un couth and lumbering, but prosaic and here and there grotesquely inept, and adorned with many monstrous word-forms invented for the occasion".
The Cambridge History 2 says:
"But the bravest of them (i.e. imitators of classic metres) was Richard Stanyhurst. Whether he wrote in prose or verse, he surpassed in fantastic eccentricity the vainest of his contemporaries. Never was there a stranger
mixture of pedantry and slang than is to be found in his work Yet
absurd as it is Stanyhurst's Vergil is worth examination. It is a work which owes no debt to anything save to its author's perverted ingenuity. Orthography, metre, vocabulary are each unique. Stanyhurst aimed not merely at a new prosody, but at a new language. He invented a set of onomatopoeic symbols, which you cannot match elsewhere 3.
1 Chamber's Cycl. of Eng. Lit., London, 1901, Vol. I, 332.
2 The Cambridge History of Eng. Lit. Cambridge, 1909, Vol. IV, 17.
3 I humbly refer the editor of the Cambridge History to the Works of Thomas



Not content with these mimicries of sounds, he invented whatever new word seemed useful for his purpose "mutterus humming", "gredelye bibled", "smacklye bebasse thee", "boucherous hatchet", these are a few of his false coins. (why false?) And he used the slang which was modern in his day for the interpretation of Vergil without scruple and shame. Imagine Dido, queen of Carthage, asking in fury M "Shall as tranger give mé the slampam".
As little did he hesitate to mar the epic dignity of Vergil with popular proverbs of every day as: "in straw there lurcketh soom pad", and "as wild as a March hare".
And being bound in the chains of the hexameter he distorts the order of the words out of all semblance to English until his verse is whoÜy unintelligible without the friendly aid of the Latin".
In cónclusion let us hear what Saintsbury 2 says: "The most curious of all utterances on this matter is Stanyhurst's. The modern reader who knows anything about him is apt, not quite justifiably to regard this respectable Irish gentleman and scholar as merely a lunatic. And however thoroughly one may have acquainted oneself with the circumstances of the case, it is still very difffcult to realize, how any one, not a lunatic can have ever put to paper first and then committed to print, stuff which looks hke the utterances of a schoolboy to whom some benevolent uncle had given too much champagne, and who should have been simultaneously furnished with a glossary of the most out of the way words in the English language, and permission to spell them as he (and the champagne) pleased".
The charge brought against Stanyhurst is by no means of a trifling nature and the position in which I find myself, of having to act as counsel for the defendant is not altogether enviable. And yet, I will undertake the task, although I do so with some hesitation, a ware of the fact, that the opinions of the last three critics are supported by a long experience in an extensive field of literary productions. My hesitation is the greater, because I cannot but agree with the greater part of their remarks. If any epithet can express the impression made upon the reader it is the word "queer". Again and again Stanyhurst spoils the effect of an impressive scène by putting in words entirely out of place. Take, for example, the description of Priamus' death, II, 565 ff.:
"And then syr Pyrrhus with left hand grapled bis hoarelocks, In the blud him ducking of his owne soon, sellye Polytes".
Nashe, who in this respect is certainly a match for Stanyhurst. Other contemporaries also frequently use them.
1 Perhaps the fury may have something to do with it. Most people, when furious say things which they would never have uttered when calm. 8 G. Saintsbury, A History of Prosody, London 1923, p. 175.



Mark also the queer contrast in Mercury's speech, IV, 604 ff. Thow sun of heunlye Godesse, dar'st thow to slumber in hazards? "See ye not, 6 madman, what dangers sundrye betyde you?"
There are many similar instances, and although I think I can adduce some points in his favour, yet I shall mainly have to plead extenuating circumstances and in so doing try to take away a little of the harshness of the above criticisms.
First of all I think that very often the fact is lost sight of, that this translation was written three hundred and fifty years ago, and so cannot be iudged by modern standards. Stanyhurst's age was a time of expenments, in which new ferms were being sought, and although the outcome is sometimes anything but a success, it does not take away anything from the fact that we ought to appreciate the trouble these experimenters took in accomplishing their tasks. Our translator made that task even more difficult by being too proud to avaü himself of the fruits of the labour of his predecessor Phaer, being "forced too weede out from my verses such choise woordes as were forestald by him; vnlesse they were so feehng as ootherscouldnot countrevaüe theyre signification". This may account for those words which are rather obscure and whose meaning is hard to guess. From the last sentence quoted from the Cambridge history, we are apt to infer that "his verse is wholly uninteUigible". I must protest agamst this exaggeration. To be sure, at first sight many passages are obscure, but as soon as one has got accustomed to his style, one will find comparatively few cases where after a careful reading, no sense can be made out of it: one of the main causes of this apparent obscurity is the distortion of the usual order of words which, as the Cambridge history rightly remarks, was only caused by his having to force his sentences into the moulds of the hexameter. His prose, though showing many of the same stylistic charactenstics is quite easy to read. Often, too, a casual reader will be misled by the spelling and be at a loss to decipher the meaning. To give one example: I, 51: .<
"And for on his faulty practise, for madnes of Aiax?" The word on , will at first sight suggest the preposition "on", which will make no sense, whüe anyone will connect "his" with "faulty practise". "On however is the numeral "one", whereas "his" expresses the possessive. Often when the eye is puzzled, reading the word aloud will clear up the difficulty as m baarde for bored, III, 648, bols for bowls, I, 732, brude for brued, II, 181, fmd for feud 1,45, hildens for hill-dens 1,148, nodil for noddle, III, 044 etc. Anyone who will take these things into consideration, will find the book as a whole quite readable, though he must not expect to find a great poem. Of the lofty verse of Virgil, which has stood the test of so many centuries there is hardly any tracé. I have tried to find some reason why Stanyhurst who evidently highly appreciated the beauty of his original ,who enjoyed considerable fame on account of his learning, and who shows himself to be



absolutely in eamest (witness the elabörate exposition of his system of prosody) failed to see that his version of a great poem was here and there. more like a parody than a translation. One of the causes is probably a sort • of conceited pedantry, of which we find traces in his dedication and preface, when he talks of: "soom grammatical pullet, hacht in Dispater his sachel would stand clocking aganyst mee, as thogh he had found an horse nest, in laynig that downe for a fait, that perhaps I dooe knowe better then hee", and in his boast: "I durst undertake too renne ouer theese bookes agayne, and too geeue theym a new liuerie in such different wise, as they should not iet with M. Phaer his badges, ne yeet bee clad with this apparraile wherewith at this present they coom furth atyred", adding that he does so not from vanity but "of meere veritie, to aduaunce thee riches of our speeche". From a poetical point of view this is rank heresy, because the thing he would undertake is an utter impossibility and it at once condemns Stanyhurst as a poet. It is clear that his idea was that any man of learning could write poetry and the last page of his dedication is highly interesting in this respect. That he was not any better than Nashe when it comes to abusing other people is shown by his "wooden rythmours", "theese droanes", "doltish coystrels" and "balducktoom baÜads". There is no doubt that he thought much of himself, and possibly it was mainly a wish to show the world what he could do that induced him to use sp many new and curious words, which in themselves were all right and show his originality, but which were not very fit for the story of Aeneas.
A second point which may throw some light on his work is his lack of imagination. I do not think that Stanyhurst had quite a clear idea of the Trojan deities and their relation to mankind. He could not free himself from the ideas of his own religion and constantly mixes up mono- and polytheism, addressing the godhead with: "Oh, Lord", and using expressions like "in Gods name". Nor does he quite understand the position of Aeneas, calling him "king, duke, prinee, captain", just as it suits him. Of a similar nature is the use of the words church and sinagog for tempte. The Greek Simon he calls yooncker and squyre. In short, his imagination is not strong enough to make him see the Trojans in their real surroundings, and give the story a Trojan atmosphere; he dresses the subject in an English garb, the whole resulting in a curious medley of classical and English ideas. This certainly does not enhance the poetical value of the poem, on the contrary, it adds a humorous element to it, but I do not think that we should be too hard on the author, because those were the inevitable mistakes of an age in which learning was in a far less advanced state than it is to-day. At the present day, the poet or novelist who is in need of local colour, will pay a visit to the country he wishes to describe, and will find numerous books on almost any part of the world to assist him. But three centuries ago not so very much was known about the other continents, and the little that was



known, was only accessible in books and very few people, if any, had the money or the initiative to travel in search of material. As a result of this scant learning we see Shakespeare dress Julius Caesar in a doublet, and painters of every country depict foreign scènes in accordance with their own surroundings. Sir Joshua Reynolds shows us the Virgin as a sweet English girl, Murillo paints her in a Spanish headdress, Robert Campin sees her in a Flemish room with a tiled floor and a Flemish town in the background. Although this non-classical element is rather strong in Stanyhursts' work, I am of opinion that we cannot blame him so very much for not being any better than his contemporaries. And if he does not give an Aeneas and a Dido who come up to our ideals of a splendid hero and a fairylike queen, he, at any rate, manages to call up before us a man and a woman who are human, especially the queen.
The Cambridge History says: 'Tmagine, Dido, queen of Carthage, asking in fury: "Shall a stranger give me the slampam?" In reply to this, I would refer the reader to Froude's: The Reign of Queen Elizabeth" where we read l: "She (i.e. Elizabeth) rode, shot, jested and drank beer; spat and swore on occasions; swore not hke a "comfit-maker's wife", but round mouth-filling oaths, which would have satisfied Hotspur", or to Green 2 "Her harsh manlike voice, her impetuous will, her pride, her furious outbursts of anger came to her with her Tudor blood. She rated great nobles as if they were schoolboys; she met the insolence of Essex with a box on the ear; she would break now and then into the gravest deliberations to swear at her ministers hke a fishwife".
This is a pretty picture, indeed, of a real queen; and perhaps she was the only queen Stanyhurst knew anything about and whom he may quite probably have taken as his model for queen Dido. Although the latter is terribly abusive, there is nothing of the spitting, swearing or boxing element in her, and anyone who rightly considers the matter will see that Dido had every reason for being furious about the treatment she had received from Aeneas. That Stanyhurst saw the case in that light is beyond a doubt, and he manages to paint a powerful picture of a woman, who, blinded by fury, baffled in her hopes, realizing that everything is lost, denbunces the man who cowardly betrayed her love and left her to her lonely fate. Except for some words that may give rise to a smile because of their apparent inadequacy, as "to hop", in luie IV,4o6, the picture is not devoid of dignity and is full of force. In her first speech, when she still cherished some hope of keeping him back we find a mixture of anger and gentle persuasion, concluding with her pitiful complaint, book IV, 344—47:
"For thy sake in Lybical regions and in Nemod hateful
I live: my Tyrian subiectés pursne me with anger.
1 Froude: The Reign of Queen Elizabeth, Everyman Library, Vol. IV, 61.
2 Green: A Short History of the English People, Everyman Library, 1915, p. 350.



For thy sake I stained whillon my chastitye spotlesse:: And honor old batterd, to the sky with glorye me lifting".
These lines are poetry, showing a woman who has lost everything she values, the love of her people, her "spotless chastity" and her honour, as the price of her vmhappy love. And when she perceives that nothing can move Aeneas from his purpose, all her other feelings are drowned by her blazing anger, and a torrent of abuse is flung to her lover, (IV, 385 ff.):
"No Godes in thye parent, nor th'wart of Dardanus ofspring Thow periurde faytoure; but amydst 'rocks, Caucasus haggish Bred the, with a tigers soure milck vnseasohed, vdderd". We feel her desperate anger in the cutting sentences: "Pack toe soyl Italian: crosse thee seas: fish for a kingdoom".
Here again, perhaps not a queen, but certainly a woman, giving vent to her pent up feelings, and making things decidedly unpleasant for Aeneas.
So many unfavourable things have been said about Stanyhurst, that it is a pleasure to be able to point to some of his good qualities.
See what dignity there is in Aeneas addressing queen Dido in book I, 612 ff.:
"What world, what vertuüs heunly . Father and moother gave breath to sp peereles a daughter. Whilst hils cast shaddows, whilst streams to the sea be reuoluing Whilst stars ar twinckling in the orb of fixed Olympus, Thy fame with thine honor shal be by eternitye blazed. To what coast I trauayl".
Mark the eagerness in the simple enumeration in II, 86:
"Greedelye we coouet, too leame his kinred, his errand,
His state, eke his meaning, his mynd, his fortun, his hazard",
where the word eke is cleverly put in to avoid monotony. And the same eager curiosity in II, 164:
"What means this burly shapte horse? what person is author? For what relligion?, what drift? what martial engyn?
Notice how well he describes the violent motions of the ship in a heavy gale, III, 575 ff.:
"Vp we fle too skyward with wilde fluds hautye, then vnder
We duck too bottom with waues contrarye repressed
Thus thrise in our diving the rocks most horriblye roared
And thrise in our mounting to the stars the surges vs heaud . . . .".
In imitating sounds, Stanyhurst is a master. In his preface he says that the ear and not the eye must decide the quantity of syllables, which, coming from a sixteenth century writer is something notable, and I suppose that he used his ears not only in this, but also in his descriptions of sounds, preferably noises. When I try to picture Stanyhurst to myself, I see him
2



as a big, burly fellow, with a loud, rough voke, fond of noisy scènes. In music I think he would have liked Strawinsky. Mark the rugged sounds in his description of Aetna,
III, 566: "And a seabelch grounting on rough rocks rapfulye frapping".
Hl', 582 ff.: "But neere ioynctly brayeth with rufflerye rumboled Aetna
Soomtyme owt yt balcketh from bulck clowds grimlye bedymmed Lyke fyerd pitche skorching or flash flame sulphurus heating Flownce to the stars tbwring the fire, like a pellet is hurled, Ragged rocks up raking". —
Here and in numerous other passages, the effect of the harsh sounding vowels, combined with a sküful use of alliteration, especiaUy of the r, is striking. How fond he was of alliteration and how this fondness sometimes lèads him to exaggeration, is shown by lines hke
I, 2, /rom /orrest /litted I /orced
I, 3, the sulcking swincker the soyle though craggie to sunder li 118, soom synck too bottom, sulcking the surges asunder l', 133. w610 Juicht by billows and ftoarde by forcibil entrye I, 181', /irst on /lint smiting soom sparcklinges sprinckled Achates li', 543, with the push and £oaking of launce he perceth his entrayls
II, 745, now sAiver at sAaddows, eeche pipling pul doth amaze me IV, 137, in her £incking not £ranckt with ftinckery frinckets.
Cases hke the above are exceedingly frequent throughout the work, and show clearly how great a part his ear played in the writing of this poem.
Another instance of this is the great number of "mimetics", under which heading I would also group some word-combinations, which do not actually imitate sounds, but which, at any rate, he evidently desires to please or strike the ear by the variation of the vowel or consonant. The bulk of them were invented by lümself, some, which I shall indicate by a date, were used before him.
IV, 402, baw vaw (1570): vainly or contemptibly noisy.
III, 643, chuffe chaffe: prob. swollen, puffed out; redupüc, form.
Il' 61, clush clash: redupl. form of clash, cf. clish clash.
II, 319, crack-rack crashing: a fine imitation of the sound of a falling tree.
II, 477! crash swash: crash + swash (= a blustering noise).
IV*. 467, crush crash: combination of crush and crash for the sake of the
sound.
III, 29, drop drop: imitating the dripping of the blood. VIII*, 6, dub a dub (1553): imitative of the sound.
I, 101, flush flash: redupl. form of flash.
IV, 150, hob lob: hob=arustic; lob=adull fellow; grouped together
for the sake of the sound.
IV, 545, hoch poch (14 ): a medley, a jumble.
I, 67, II, 598, hurlye burlye (1530): imitating the sound of the wind, noise. rV* 611 huf puffe: imitating the sound of the wind.
IV, 551', knap knob: probably put together simply for the effect of the
change from a to o.



II, 44. kym kam: III, 647, muffe maffe: VIII, 22, peale meale:
II, 741, pit pat: III, 601, rags iags:
I, 143, rak iaks: II, 220, ramd cramd:
I, 134, rifs rafs: II, 505, rip rap (1580): VIII, 15, robel hobble: VIII, 21, ruffe raffe:
I, 64, stur snar iarrye:
III, 693, swish swash:
1,114, tag rag: II, 324, taratantara: 1553 VIII, 22, thwick thwack (157;
II, H4, trim trams (1533):
IV, 690, trush trash (1542): II, 231, wig wag:
III, 446, yolpe yalpe:
crooked, awkward, perverse. In frequent use after Stanyhurst.
used in contempt. For muffe, see note III 647; maffe is not recorded.
indicates confusion, a mêlée. There is a second instance in the Dedication: rythme peale meale. The earliest instances recorded are dated: subst. 1596, adj. 1585.
Onomatopoeic; the sound of the footsteps. ragged. St. wants to express the raggedness of the clothes m the rugged sounds. The effect of the whole line is striking "with rags iags patcherye clowted".
a great noise. Onomatopoeic.
perhaps St. combined to ram and to cram to get
a strong effect of offensiveness.
hurly burly; a racket. Onomatopoeic.
onomatopoeic.
onomatopoeic, imitating the sound of thunder.. onomatopoeic, a noisy sound, though slightly different from the others because consonant and vowel are changed, yet evidently used for a similar purpose to indicate a strong noise. the N. E. D. 'records: a violent swaggering person, probably onomatopoeic. onomatopoeic, imitating the sound of tearing. the sound of the trumpet. l): imitating lightning and thunder. See note, VIII, 22, and Introd. nonsense.
reduplicated form of trash; rubbish, worthless stuff, imitative of the wagging movements of the snake onomatopoeic. Perhaps influence of to yelp. —
It speaks for his originality that out of thirty four cases collected here, he borrowed only nine.
Another curious aspect of Stanyhurst's translation is his fondness of pleonasms, which, in a way, is akin to his preference for loud sounds. He wants to be impressive, to "lay it on thick". There are scores of examples where he repeats the same thing twice or three times, piling words of the same, or nearly the same, meaning on top of each other. In some cases, the result is that the idea conveyed to the reader is one of great strength. In others there seems to be no reason why he should have used two words wherë one would have served the purpose quite as well. Among the latter I would count words hke:
heerd flock (I, 191, 536); heerdswarme (I, 438); myd-center (I, 455); frith-cops (I, 456); groane sighs (I, 471); swart black (I, 495); valor and courradge (I, 572); captive prisoner (II, 802); my course and passadge (III, 13); speedines hastye (III, 211); loa behold (III, 702) etc. etc.



Examples of the former are:
with fel boucherye slaghtred (I, 239); the sinck and puddil (I, 353); they-Ü» r,ick\\hoisemen dyd cul from the navy (I, 525); yeeld pity, graunt mercy tan ^nSTSdTfl. 534); with clush clash buzing, with droornming clattered nu£m£f(II^Tdrawïach' loytrers (II, 383);.ramd c^rnd garbadge ( II 220); wX^tutting stamering (11,326): with rags iags patcherye clowted (III, 600) posting speedines headlong (II, 697) etc. The limit seems to be reached in: T ,02 with steele bunch chayne knob, clingd, knurd and narrolye «nckecL, ' 3 ' ^Sch seerns to suggest something like the third power of the Gorden knot);
IV 343 a cockney dandiprat hopthumb;
IV 726, rapping her brest with thumping frap knocks;
iv', 747' with belling skrich crye she roareth.
To give an idea of how exceedingly rich the poem is in this redundancy, I will add a complete hst of all cases I found.
4,o, gladnesse «mj. 435. ™»«™„^TrSwoonder am»«d; 47, ><» «. center; 454. braI^ 456'S° S .„„ hls lyers ftd he blubbred;
s. tóng ftiamnj 47.. ^^^Z'JoM dyd c»l ft»
leaves no doubt as to tne aegree uj. i. ;. e+rataeems- 66, showting
droornming clattered humming; 64, t^jjg* ^te theTeritye soothlyel
cljrradge; 383. toriach loytrer,; 3». ™j*£>•»"S*^ and ,*ton fcrwari; 794. tUs kap h chaunced; Soa. c.ptiv. prr.oner.



Book III.
13, my course and passadge; 66, wee tnmbled in heapewise of stoans a cluster; 88, we sauKly dyd harbor in hauen; 96, rumbling mutterus eccho; 133, dispersed and scatterd; 168, with plenty fertil abounding; 204, through dymnesse clowdye bedusked; 205, (He) dooth stray jwith palpabil erroure; 211, speedines hastye; 220, ramd cramd garbadge; 224, franckye fat oxen; 254, with tentiye listenes hareken; 326, with stutting stamering; 352, doth he live and breathful abydeth; 281, with woont accustomed; 391, peece meale prittye parings; 399, Limbo lake hellish; 408, ful weightelye poysing; 493, the far and distant country; 545, in bowe wise, crooked; 566, rapfulye frapping; 567, ramping bounce; 594, pouke bugs; 600, with rags iags patcherye clowted; 603, a meagre lean rake; 628, in Cyclops kennel, the laystow dirtye, the foule den; 630, palpable and groaping dareknesse; 643, a gourd bourrachoe; ,652 flee caytiefs, hy ye hence, cut swiftlye the cables, pack fro the shoare; 657, in naming usual highted; 669, mountenus hil toppe; 697, posting speedines headlong; 702, loa, behold; 703, rocks stoanye; 726, my toyls and my trauayls. Book IV.
8, Phoebus dyd clarifye brightlye the world with luster; 60, by woont accustomed; 110, niddipol harebrayne; 134, nets and catch toyls; 150, loa, behold ye; 187, feathers plumye; 278, shining brightned Olympus; 343, a cockney dandiprat hop thumb; 378, he dyd message his errand; 439, the coompanye swarming.... in flockmeale; 523, magical feats, sorcerye charming; 545, Chaos hoch poch; 559, the dead of midnight; 565, rural countrye; 625, froth fomye; 635, clamorus hu crye 643, bedred graveporer old syre; 663, a bannished owtlaw; 690, pedlerye trush trash; 726, rapping her brest with thumping frap knocks; 741, claspt in her arms bracing; 747, with belling skrich crye she roareth. —
The same tendency towards redundancy is, I think to be found in the use of the preposition to in combination with the suffix -ward. I, 95; III, 519; III, 560; IV, 587; III, 11: to(o) the seaward. I, 104; II, 703; II, 775; III, 209; III, 575; IV, 182; IV, 602: to (the) skyward. I, 401: too landward. I, 423: too towneward. II, 131: too Troyward.
II, 222; III, 544; III, 664: to the shoareward.
II, 332: to the strandward.
II. 545; III, 644: to the groundward.
III, 65: too southward.
IV, 75: to the frithward.
Cases without the preposition are rare. I have only noted two: I, 72: forward or back. I, 306: downeward.
In conclusion, I must mention one more peculiar feature, namely, his frequent use of proverbs and colloquial expressions. Some of these are out of place when we consider the subject; but as we have already seen that Stanyhurst's treatment is sadly wanting in dignity.this is only what we have to expect. This loss of dignity is in many cases made good by a strong touch of reality. Evidently he was greatly interested in the story, saw the actors in the drama, and often manages to make them real and full of action. We hear Juno exclaim I, 59: "If this gear cotten", which is rather colloquial for



a goddess though there is certainly a touch of reahsm ui it. We find the same sort of thing when he makes Aeneas address his saüors, m I, 215: "Stand ye to your tacklings". Virgil writes: "Durate", which may be impressive by its curtness, but lacks the taste of the sea of the English rendermg. He makes Laocoon cry: "My lief for an haulffenye"', wholly forgetting that Laocoon was a Trojan and not an Englishman. It sounds ridiculous to hear the Trojan priest offer his hfe for an English coin, but his anger is brougnt home to us in this curious expression. King Iarbas, in bis complaint to lupiter that in spite of his sacrifices and his respectful performance of ah his duties, Aeneas will get the queen, the prize of beauty, so dearly coveted bv him says: "And we beat the bushes". This is not an expression fit for a prayer 'but it expresses exactly what Iarbas feels, his suppressed anger at having been wronged by the gods. It is almost invariably the same, Stanyhurst evidently understood Virgü's meaning perfectly, but could not rise to his level of poetic diction, and consequently often made himself ndiculous by his colloquial and even slangy expressions. Many of those occur m his Dedication and Preface, where, of course, we do not expect poetry, but which make interesting reading by their most peculiar mixture of the scholar and a modern Hyde Park orator, Hke his poetry, showing his love of redundancy and of popular figures of speech. In the following hst I have collected all those by which I was struck.
TNoron?elDy:gnibnng vpon thee owtward ryne of a supposea historie, but also by gaping thee pyth, thatis shrynd vp within the barck and bodye of so exqmsit and singular a discourse. .
Such leauinges sauoure soomwhat nappye of the spigget.
One that was neauer accustomed too strike vp thee drum.
Virgil dooth bear the prick and price among al thee Roman foets.
They are altogeather in a wrong box.
I stand so nicelie on my pantofles. „^twfM They (these books) should not iet with Mr. Phaer his badges, ne yeet bee clad in this apparraile.
The»? matter as vt were, doth bleede.
SsTn^the huskand craéking thee shel, too bestow thee kernei upon thee wyttye and enquisitive reader.
Prvine owt a pimple in a bent ,. ,
Nature in her operations would be founderd, thee fat were in thee fire, thee
marcket were mard.
A terme that carieth meate in his mouth. HiHpnnr«» Thee ouer slipping of yt were, in effect, thee chockmg of thee poet his discourse,
in suche hauking wise, ac yf hee were throtled with the chincoughe. Such bookes that happlye rouke in studentes mewes.
Forelittring biches whelp blynd puppies. +hpvrP naners
Diverse skavingers of draftye poëtrye in this oure age .... baste theyre papers with smearie larde sauoring al too geather of thee frynig pan.
What Tom Towly is so simple fc iwtrw
Too flap theese droanes from thee sweete senting hmes of Poetrye.



Al is not wurth a beane. Lyke blynd bayards (they) rush on forward. The Preface.
Thee stringes of thee Latin rules (should) cramp oure tongue, more than the Latins doe fetter theyre speeche, as yt were, wyth the chaynes of thee greeke preceptes.
Many good verses would bee rauelde and dismembred that now cary a good grace among theyn.
Hee misheth the cushen.
I would not make yt scrupulus.
Yt were lyke ynough that soom grammatica! pullet, hacht in Dispater his sacheï, would stand clocking aganyst mee, as thogh he had found an horse nest. Book I.
59: if this geare cotten.
210: the vearye remembraunce shal tickle vs in telling.
215: Stand ye to your tacklings.
398: Thus stand thy recknings.
679: In straw thear lurcketh soom pad Book II.
51: my lief for an haulfpenye.
56: And for a ful reckning, I lyk not bartel nor hearing.
73: To purchase a Tyburn. 101: Then we were of reckning. 434: Down cooms the countrye. 678: Catch that catch may bee. Book III.
17: Whilst fortune floated. 113: There picht he his kingdoom. 530: He perceaued, thee coast to be cleere. Book IV.
172: Watrye Iono, the chaplayne, seams up the bedmatch.
210: Netled with theese brac kye nouels, as wild as a marche hare.
225: Wee beat the bushes.
288: Too thinnes he vannished ayrye.
296: From thee poast toe piler with thoght his raclet wyt he tosseth. 452: Too boombas bis hearing. 492: left.... post aloan.
622: Al they the lyke post haste dyd make, with scarboro scrabbing. 633: Shal a stranger geue me the slampam.
Many of these may be as some critic observes "grotesquely inept" 1, yet we feel that the person behind the words is very much alive. Though we may blame the author for his crude style, we have to appreciate his original way of description and expression; though he puts his characters on a different plane from Virgil, he succeeds in making them active and living.
1 Chamber's Cyclopaedia of English Literature I, 332.



The Metre , , . . . w
SSïJï- « nantes of famous• ^ ^ jx«te,^ong
'°^e ^SrfeSsed b, Harvey, Puttenham, and the unknown author
hurst, whose translaüon of the four first^o°Ks 01r. k No satire
ters is one of the most portentous compositions in any language
some passages on Stanyhurst He says 4. um nicht zu
Ilï Hallam Introduction to the Literature of E"°P%^n*°n' l855' P" 229'
I A. Dyt The Dramatic Works of ^Or^e ^on, ,831.
a R Southey, The Vision of Judgment Pref. IV, XXIV.
* Karf Elze Der Englische Hexameter, Dessau, 1867, P- M «



Aeneis", and "Die Sache ist diese dass Stanyhurst's Hexameter in rücksichtslosester Weise quantitirend sind und den Accent ins Gesicht schlagen, wahrend diejenige Harvey's und Greene's sich viel mehr den accentuirenden nahem".
This is the first acknowledgement of Stanyhurst's success as a writer of technically correct quantitative hexameters. Though inconsistent in almost all other points, here at least he shows method. The Cambridge History1 confirms the above, writing: "Though he wasted his time, he did nothing at haphazard. He expounds his theory of the hexameter with great care, and gives eyery syllable its proper quantity, varying its length according to its termination and to the consonant and vowel which follow it".
Further testimony to his success is given by Saintsbury 2, who says: "But as regards prosody he is perfectly sober. He knew that he would be accused by "the meaner clerks", of making what word he chose short or long. He insists that every foot, every word, every syllable, yea every letter is to be observed and then comes to details", and concludes: "His theory is perhaps the least irrational of all its class and the exposition of it is perticularïy valuable because it preserves and emphasizes for us that excessive uncertainty of English pronunciation which hes at the root as well of these crazy experiments, as of the acquiescent dotage of the fifteenth century".
T. S. Omond 3 writes: "lts madness has method. But for Harvey's misleading Stanyhurst would probably have exemplified the combative accent more thoroughly. However uncouth the garb, there is stuff in this translation, not mere verbal padding. But the garb is too irresistibly comic to produce any effect save one of motley";
We find real appreciation in W. J. Stone 4: "Stanyhurst's Virgil is a unique and delightful production. Its eccentricities need not detain us however. What is important is that he formulated rules of quantity, and that the combative accent is distinctly and successfully used to retard the hurrying hexameter. For all his faults Stanyhurst's verses read to me more like hexameters than any others I have seen except those in Clough's Actaeon and some written by Mr. James Spedding. Here are one or two random lines:
And the godesse Juno full freight with poysoned envye. With thundring lightnings my carcase stronglye beblasted. Wasd for this mother, that mee through- danger unharmed?
But lines with false quantities are few and far between".
And last of all there is Mac Kerrow 6, who, I think, made the most careful
1 The Cambridge History of English Literature, IV, p. 17.
2 G. Saintsbury, A History of Prosody II, 175.
3 T. S. Omond, English Metrists, p. 13.
4 W. J. Stone, On the Use of Classical Metres in English, London, 1899, p. 12.
5 Mc Kerrow, "On the use of so called classical metre in Elizabethan verse", in the Modern Languages Review Vol. IV, p. 172 ff., and Vol. V, p. 6 ff.



examination of Stanyhurst's metre. After making many interesting remarks about the imitators of the classical metres, showing that it would be presumption in ourselves if we knew "no better explanation of their wishes and experiments than that of mere perversity", and if we were "to accuse such men of simple folly", he passes on to our author, saying:
"There is no doubt that Stanyhurst at least attempted to write according to the Latüi rules of quantity. His statements in the dedication of the book and in the preface show this clearly and the verse itself is in fairly close agreement with these rules.
Stanyhurst understood well enough the difference between accent and quantity in Latin. This is proved by his remarks on the impossibility of making some words such as honour and dishonour fit in with the Latin rules. As he says, the penultimate of dishonour should be long because it receives the accent, but if it be made long it breaks the rule that simple and compound words have the same quantity, for the first syllable of honour is short. While Stanyhurst's verse is, as I have said in the main quantitative, the quantities being fixed partly by Latin rule and by English custom, we yet perceive in it a certain rhythm.
Stanyhurst was of course aware that in the last two feet of a Latm hexameter, accented and long syllables coincide. Following the Latin closely as he did, he has I think, consciously followed this rule also. The result is that the last two feet of every verse in Stanyhurst scan accentually, a quality which is, so far as I am aware, peculiar to hims$|f.
No doubt, seeing that any irregularity is more noticeable at the end of a verse than elsewhere in it, there is a natural tendency for any one with an ear to use in such positions only those words in which the accent falls on long syllables, but nevertheless we find far more irregularities in this respect among the earlier writers. .
Here are a few lines from Sidney and Harvey of line-endings m which accent and length do not coincide:
only shining sunne (Sidney, Grossart II, p. 112, line 79) possible escape (p. 120,1. 60). operation of love (p. 106, 1. 3). of body and soul (G. H. I, p. 86,1. 1). braveries in print (p. 84). ■ glorious in shew (p. 84).
"Serious affayres" seems another case in point, but the uncertainty of the place of the accent at the time makes one hesitate to dogmatize on what was accentually correct and what was not.
Now in the first five hundred lines of Stanyhurst's translation of the Aeneid I find not a single instance of such a departure from the rule as a last foot beginning with an unstressed preposition, such as of love, m shew etc.
Stanyhurst's verses are sometimes irregular in the fifth foot, the first



syllable of which is occasionahy a preposition or a monosyllabic adjective but even the fifth foot irregularity is rare and with the doubtfal exception of therefore, I find no case of a word of more than. one syllable in which there is not coincidence of accent and length. The following are all the irregular (non-accentual) endings that I can find in the first five hundred lines:
what furye kendled Arber, p. 17.
from me, this errand p. 22.
hudge Lavyn empyre p. 26.
sweld furor haggish p. 27.
thy sacred altars p. 28.
too what abiding ' p. 29.
presented here also p. 32.
hudge wagon emptye p. 33.
thearfor they resolved p. 34.
It will, I think, be conceded that these endings are much less startHng than Sidney's and we must remember that his were all taken from a piece of only one hundred and seventy four lines. Harvey's are from one of thirty-two lines. Was it perhaps dawning in these experimenters that after all some more or less regular scheme of accentuation was an absolute necessity in English verse, that accentual rhythm was in fact the only rhythm perceptible to English ears".
From the last six extracts it is evident that, whatever may have been Stanyhurst's faults, he had a keen insight into the character of the hexameter, and from a technical point of view, imitated them quite successfully. Many of the shortcomings of his work were a result of his having to force his sentences into the mould of the hexameter. Many of his successors fare no better. Omond, when speaking of Southey's attempt in "The Vision of Judgment", says *. "But when we come to the verses themselves, our satisfaction is less complete. It is indeed somewhat difficult to study them dispassionately, so grotesquely ridiculous is the subject matter.
Ho, he exclaimed, King George of England standeth in judgment There was our late lost Queen, the nation's example of virtue.
Lines hke these so irresistibly suggest the comic element that it is hard to confine one's attention to the metrical aspect of the verse". Reading this and remembering Southey's opinion of Stanyhurst, we feel the truth of "la critique est aisée, 1'art est difficile".
I will conclude this part with some passages from Omond's very interesting little book "The English Hexameter", which may serve to enlighten the minds of those critics who after a cursory glance condemn the work with such words as, ridiculous, absurd, monstrous, and the like.
1 T. S. Omond, The English hexameter, Edinburgh, 1897, p. 13. * Ibid, p. 6 ff.



"By the time of Chaucer, usually considered the father of English poetry, the modern metres had attained universal and unquestioned sway, and their supremacy has since then, never been shaken or impaired.
Once however in the great experimental age of English poetry, "the Elizabethan era" of our History books, a serious attempt was made to challenge this supremacy. Some of our leading poets themselves were concerned in this daring conspiracy, Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney being among the ringleaders. Much undeserved ridicule has been heaped on their attempts by critics who did not understand its scope and aim. Reading their verses by our ordinary accent these critics made game of their obvious absurdity.
"Wot ye why | his moo | ther with a | veale hath | coverèd | his face?-
The absurdity to our ears is patent. But it was no less obvious to the great men who made this attempt. The accent says Spenser in a familiar letter (to Harvey) discoursing of the progress of his experiments "sometimes gapeth, and as it were yawneth ill-favouredly . .. sometimes seemeth like
a lame gosling that draweth one leg after her or again "is like a lame
dog that holds up one leg."
Fully alive as they were to these difficulties they yet persevered in trymg to overcome them, and it is not difficult to understand, and in some measure to sympathise with their aim and motive".
"Quantity and accent they knew were different things in Greek, why not ,too, in English? Our language was still unsettled, our literature in its infancy. What was the true direction in which to seek progress".
"It is quite beside the point therefore to ridicule them for not complying with our ordinary rules of verse. Nor did they contemplate merely adopting the classic rules wholesale; their aim was to discover cognate principles suiting the genius of the English language. That their attempt failed may be proof enough that it was ül-advised, for in such hands it had every possible chance of success. But it was a natural enough attempt to make, and nothing is gained by ignoring its true purport, and laughing at its exponents for neglecting the very rules which the object of their endeavour was to supersede".
The Language
By far the most important feature of Stanyhurst's Aeneid is to me, his English. As we have already seen his was an age of experiment, not only in the use of new metres and forms, but also in attempting to coin new words, and finding new applications for the existing ones. As in every experiment the result is uncertain, we are bound to find a lot of chaff among the grain; but as a rule the chaff got lost and the corn remained, and contn-



buted in no small degree to enrich the English language and assisted in making it the treasure-house of words it is to-day.
Mr. G. P. Marsh *, who dealsVith the subject at some length, says: "The space I have devoted to Stanyhurst may seem out of proportion to his merits; but I have dwelt upon him as perhaps the most characteristic specimen of the very numerous, though short-Kved class to which he belongs, a class which has exercised a more important and I must add, in the end beneficial influence, on the English language, than appears generally to have been allowed. The straining after effect, which is so visible in these writers, led them to employ the widest vocabulary within their reach, and to experiment upon all possible combinations of words. Their extravagances were soon made ridiculous by the purer style of the generation of authors which immediately followed them, and while they were, but for a very brief period, dangerous by the force of their example, their affluence and variety of diction long served as a repository of verbal wealth, which succeeding literature has largely drawn upon".
Yet, strange to say, Stanyhurst's critics, with only few exceptions, have paid far more attention to his metre than ±o his vocabulary, the latter being mainly used by them to prove his "madness". Those who quote part of the poem, sometimes have notes on some, at first sight, unintelligible words. For instance, in Elizabethan Critical Essays (Oxford 1904) p. 381, G. G. Smith, one of the very few who quoted from the Leyden edition, because he considers it the better, of which there can be no doubt, has notes on: "cheate Poetes, in camfering wise, od, squire, draftye, duggeon, balducktoom, Priscianistes, now put case", all taken from the Introductory matter of Stanyhurst's poem, and all of them correct.
A more extensive glossary is foünd in Heinrich Schmidt's thesis upon this subject, to which I have already referred. Although many words are explained, it is anything but complete, partly owing to the fact that at the time of its appearance, the N.E.D. had only got as far as "bozzom". Apart from this incompleteness, which was unavoidable, I have many objections to Herr Schmidt's work. In the first place I cannot agree to many of his explanations, of which more will be found below; secondly, I see no reason why words like: "chinck (= chink), daytoyl, doggye, to flap, fornace, helnte (of the rudder), to lurck, newcoom, to stow, trench, war fare", should need an explanation, whereas the bulk of the most puzzling words are conspicuous by their absence. As to the words, which follow here, whose explanation is evidently wrong, we have to bear in mind that Herr Schmidt could not apply to the N.E.D., and often had to guess at their meaning; yet in some cases the correct meaning is so obvious, that I am surprised he did not see
1 G. P. Marsh, The Origin and History of the English Language and the Early Litera ture it embodies. London, 1862, p. 538 ff.



it, as e.g. in the case of: fuid, kyrye, rang, ruther, skeare, skud etc. I will give his translations, with my own (for most öf which see N.E.D.). II, 493: brust v.t. aufsprengen.
to breast.
II, 76: coosinage Verwandschaft.
Cozenage, cheating. I, 707: cossherye Lager aus Kissen.
feasting.
I, 59: cotten schlagen.
to succeed.
IV, 224: fiest feist, fest?
a small dog.
I, 92: flatchet Stomach (he adds: was hier freilich absolut nicht
passt). Sword.
I, 45: fuid Flucht?
feud.
I, 197: goaring gahren.
to gore.
II, 645: harssh hinabsinken.
to make a harsh sound.
II, 732: hewt Höhe, Hugel.
grove, copse.
IV, 176: hudwinck Niederschlagen der Augen?
dissembling, deceit. I, 64: iarrye n. Aerger.
adj. j arring. I, 113: kyrye hart, schwer.
kyrie (eleison).
The word occurs in: This kyrye sad solfing i.e. uttering this sad kyrie (eleison). Schmidt translates solfing (from to solfa, to sing, to utter) as solve and adds: hier beklagen. So the sentence would run: "Complaining about this difficult sad", which is sheer nonsense.
IV, 384: lim versunken sein.
This makes excellent sense in this rather doubtful passage. But as the N.E.D. does not record any such verb, I prefer to explain: limming: limbing, from: to limb = to tear limb from limb, used fig. here, so: devouring him with her eyes.
I, 346: marckmear mentioned without any explanation.
a boundary lake. I, 408: melloe n. Geruch, Duft?
adj. mellow.
IV, 20: pipling wollüstig, leidenschaftlich.
. This again makes excellent sense. The difficulty is that no word is on record, that comes near it in meaning. Yet, I prefer it to what the N.E.D. says: "? transf. (literal meaning, to blow with a gentle sound"), which hardly makes sense. I cannot suggest anything more plausible, and my only objection to "wollüstig", is that Dido can hardly be expected to apply such



a word to her own conduct. But then, the same objection might be made to bedgle.
IV, 15: pitfle der in Höhlen fliegt, feige?
pitiful.
IV, 464: pugnant wider strebend, feindlich.
poignant, severe (see note IV, 464). IV, 1: qnandare adj. ungewiss.
n. quandary.
I, 65: rang sich empören.
to range, to rove.
III, 566: rapfuly rasch?
violently.
I, 594, redowning sich zurückbeugen.
redounding, abounding. (cf. Dedication: soune, sound).
I, 115: ruther N. E. rutter, Steuermann.
rudder.
I, 237:. skeare reinigen, bessern?
to scare.
IV, 430: skearye hart, schwer? (see kyrye).
scary, alarming. IV, 487: skrichhowle screech-owl. Mistel Drossel.
The first is correct. I, 95: skud. = ?
to scud.
II, 464: sturd adj. sturdy, kühn, entschlossen.
to stir.
I, 3: sulcking adj. sulky, finster, mürrisch.
verb: to sulk, to plough. I, 544: swashruter wassersturz. Origin obscure, for which see notes. Of course it is meant toindicate the wind: the sootherne swashruter huffling. II, 219: vpstreaming überstromen ?
It could not possibly be: to overflow. Partly due to Arber's misprint. It is vpsteaming, meaning: rising.
Mr. Kington Oliphant dwells at length upon Stanyhurst's translation in his: The New Englishl. After some remarks upon the orthography, he gives all "new" words in the explanation of which he is, for the greater part, correct. But his note to "cheate poetes", as "poets of such a sort" because he "has seen chete stand for res in Awdeley", is wrong. It evidently means "poets that are cheats". He attributes many words to Stanyhurst which were used before him others by as:
crauen, clash (1500), argosye (1577), to thunder (out oaths), to bray and to bell
(applied to pers ons) (resp. 1300, 1000) to choke (intr. 1400), tipsy (1577), fluke (1561),
pipkin (1565), to coin (answers) (1587), etc.
1 T. L. Kington Oliphant: The New English, London, 1886, Vol. I, 598 ff.



Many words are left unexplained; he only classifies the new words, according to the part of speech to which they belorig, and to the language from which some of them were borrowed.
No other works of this kind have come to my knowledge. In my notes I have attempted to tracé and explain such words and passages as were difficult to understand, or seemed "new" to me. All new formations I found will be given, and though I have taken great pains and sometimes looked up very innocent looking words, I cannot promise that the lists will be absolutely exhaustive. The obviousness of this will be clear to anyone when he looks at simple words like: daring, sea-froth, etc, which may easily escape one, even in a careful examination, yet they are recorded in the N.E.D. as first having been used by Stanyhurst, whosen ame figures largely in this splendid dictionary. How frequently his name appears, will be shown by the lists of words first used by him, given at the end of the Introduction.
I will now give a survey of the most striking characteristics of the poem, regarding syntax, grammar and vocabulary.
Irregular Vebs deviating from the normal.
to build: I, it: ere toun could be buylded. pa. ple.
I, 255: (he) buylded a cittye. pret.
I, 18: a long buylt citty, \
I, 307: new buylt Carthage f . adj
I, 451: a fayre buylt temple l III, 86: an old buylt temple )
to hold: l, 57; in, 152; Ui, 256; Hl. 447; IV. 604; UI, 654; IV, 144; IV, 34i: holden, pa.ple; II, 331: heeld, pret.
.to hang: I, 55: hanged, pret; I, 705; III, 67; III, 675: hanged, pa.ple. to load: I, 216; II, 384; III, 51: loaden, pa.ple. to bend: II, 131; III, 13; IV, 263: bended, pret; IV, 391: bent, pa.ple. to wring: III, 208: wringd, pa.ple. to help: II, 272: holpt, pa.ple; 11,406: holpen, pa.ple. to tear: II, 476: tearde, pret. to glrd: 1,499: girded, pa.ple; II, 608: girt, pret. to cling: III, 56: clingd, pret; II, 294: clingde, pa.ple. adj. to strike: III, 294: strucken, pa.ple. to weave: 111,499: weau'd, pa.ple. adj.
to shape: II, 481: brasshaped, pa.ple; II, 751: brasshapen, pa.ple. to (re)shine: III, 533: reshined, pret; IV, 272: shynde, pret.



In many cases Stanyhurst places the past participle before the word it qualifies, where in Mo. E. we should expect the reverse. III, 20; VIII, 32: the begun wurck. III, 441: this neere setled countrye. III, 465: her flittered issue. III. 559: the vowd sollemnitye. III, 565: the fird Sicil Aetna.
III, 573: the steered ship.
IV, 69: the flamed fire (the lire enflamed). IV, 717: the raised crye.
I noticed two interesting cases of the Progressive Form. IV, 42: wyl ye be forgetting; expressing repetition.
IV, 675: let there one od captayne from my boans rustye be springing; probably expressing future.
In a few cases Stanyhurst uses the past part. where we should expect the present.
I, 667: to her boans fire smouldered blowing. II, 3: a festered old soare. II, 224: with brandished hoat tongs. II, 225: a sight so grisled.
We very often find the preposition for before the infinitive.
I, 426: Aeneas woondreth .... for to se such sturring.
457/8: Aeneas freshlye beginneth for to raise bis courradge. '« 493/4: Thee lyke ears also doe sting hym, for to se king Priamus. I, 521: For to shakhands freendly fear bars.
II, 36 ff.: .... exhorteth thee Troians seallye Tymetes, too bring thee monument intoo thee cittye: then after for to place in stately castel thee monsterus Idol.
IJ» 53/4: to crush our bulwarcks this woorek is forged, al houses for to prye sur-
mounting thee towne. H. I55/7: Thee do I craue ....forto spare a'wretched fugitive. II, 160/1: Priamus foorth with commaunded his yrons for to be disioyncted. II, 596: For to kil a woonman thogh no greate glorye be gleamed. II, 681: Wasd for this (moother) that mee throgh danger vnharmed you led, now
my enymyes to behold too riffle in hous seat? And my soon Ascanius,
my syre, my seallye Creusa for to se deepe bathed, grooueling in bloods of
eche oother?
III. 149/50: My father exhorted too turne too sacred Apollo For toe craue a pardon III, 374: By the God enstructed by stars for to ominat eeche thing.
III, 699/700: But yeet king Helenus iump twixt Scylla and the Charybdis, for to
sayl vs monished.
IV, 120/1: Thee prince Aeneas and eke Queene Dido the poore soule for to hunt
■ in forrest too morro be fullye resolued. IV, 299/300. Mnestheus hee called, Sergest and manlye Cloanthus for to rig in secret theyre ships.
3



IV 354/5' Neauer I foremynded .... for too ship in secret by fhght.
IV, 412/3: Hym shee left daunted with feare, woords duitiful hamnng, for to reply.
IV, 415/6: althogh that he cooueted hertlye, for to swage her malady.
IV, 502/3, When plunged in anguish, for to dye shee mynded.
IV 514: This sorceres used for too cram the dragon.
TV, 515/6: Hoonnye liquid sprinckling and breede sleepe wild popy strawing, for
to fre mynds, snared with looue. IV 522/3: mee this hard extrimitye forceth, for to put in practise magical feats. IV 550jl: enquyrye was eke made, for to snip, in the foaling from front of fillye the
knap knob. IV, 687/8: furth with for to ende I purpose.
In II, 681, IV, 229/300, IV 412 it may be said to express purpose, but in most it has no meaning at all.
Three times Stanyhurst uses the infinitive with to after to see:
IV, 519/20: Theare shal ye see the ground right under too groane, trees bigge to
fal headlong. III 638: I saw flesh bluddye toe slauer.
I, 265: Thow shalt see thy sun Aeneas his glittring glorye to luster.
There is one instance of "it" as a formal object. IV, 12: How braue he dooth court yt.
The genitive is for the greater part formed by means of *'s" though there are numerous instances of "his" as well. The "his" genitive is always apphed to persons except I, 207: Sicü his raging, II, 739: with lion his yehow darck skin; IV, 407: from carcas his holding.
The Ethical Dative is found in: I 678: I feare mee thees fayre Iunonical harbours. II! 57: Thee Greeks bestowing theyre presents Greekish I feare me. III, 253: Then take me this errand.
Sometimes the personal pronoun is found for the reflexive: III, 644: the Ithacan most wiselye bethoght hym.
II,' 736: Until I with fountayn mee wash.
III, 380: Too what saulf porte shal I take mee.
IV, 577: Theare me toe bynd prentise.
One of the most striking features is the postposition of adjective and numeral. The reason will partly be the metre. In his prose, for which see Dedication and Preface he always puts them before the substantive. Instances will be found on every page, so a few will suffice here:
I, 282: Mars fyrye.
304: brass knots hundred.



387: vessels irwentye. 395: the court princelye.
548: soyl wyld. ' . .
Subject-in version occurs but is not frequent. Instances will be found in:
I, 27: that from the Troians should- branch a lineal ofspring. I, 93: Rush do the winds forward. I, 98: Crash do the rent tacklings. I, 100: wheare lyes strong Hector.
Object-inversion on the other hand is very frequent:
I, 28: which would the Tyrian turrets quite batter asunder and Libye land
likewise with warlick victorye conquoure. I, 31: This Iunoe fearing, and old broyls bluddye recounting, Vsd by her Greeke
fauorits, that Troiaü cittye repressed. Her rancour canckred shee cannot let
to remember.
I, 152: Thee clowds hee scatterd, and cleere beams sunnye recalled. I, 425: the castels and turrets statelye beholding.
I, 428/9: Soom (i.e. Moors) wals are loftelye raysing, soom stoans down tumble. More instances can be found on almost every page.
Very often the words are jumbled up into such a medley that it is difficult to see any meaning. Some interesting samples are:
I, 25: her drift yf destenye furthred. I, 343: of Tyrian virgins too weare thus a quiver is used. I, 500: a baratresse, daring with men, thogh a mayd, to be buckling. . I, 521: For to shakhands freendly fear bars, now gladnes on haleth. II, 680: The soon fast byë the syre, thee syre, that murthred at altars. III, 59/60: What feat or endeuours of gould thow consecrat hungar Mens mynds constrainst not wyth wyels or vertue to coompasse.
There is no doubt that those curious constructions were mainly the result of his being bound to the hexameter. We do not find any traces of them in the Dedication and Preface.
Prefixes
I will give here only those prefixes which are more or less out of the common, or ülustrate a peculiar use of Stanyhurst's time. Those which were first or only used by our author will be marked with an asterisk. For the various meanings I refer to the N.E.D.
a-
abashed, 11,746; acrested, 111, 481, (not recorded in N.E.D.; may be the indef. art. + crested?; provided with a crest); aflighted*, II, 430, fled; afrighted, II, 225, frightened; agasted, II, 501, aghast; agrysed, II, 127, frightened; amooued, II, 752, moved; aneered*, II, 343, came near, II, 729, was near;asotted, II, 273. besotted.



Debasse* 1,692, kissed around; bebasted*, III, 782, ^^^'^Zf'
III i5 surrounded; beblasted. II, 663. blasted around; beblubberd*. 1,234. covered wTth tears; bebroyded*. 111,479. embroidered about; Jw^,
IV IS4 set (as a jewel); becrowning*. III, 537. crowning; bedagled, II, ^kind olWeïüentetive o! to bedag, befouled; bedawbed III, 280; I,, 564 bedaub^ ^> decked IV 536, adorned; bedusked, II, 255. bhnded; bedusted, II, 633, covered ^tsïiMynrrnea.'. HL 583. darkened; begUtterd- I, „.«p*^?^ ine II covering with gore; begotten, I, 624; begyld, IV, 728, beguiled, Degyr
^^^^^^^^^
mg, iv, 541, Dexrasbneu, j.v, jy^, heuevled* II 360, veded about
borne or carried away?; betroathed, 111,342, Deueyiea ■ ^ J"* . S^yled, 1.123; bewelcomd*. III, 259, made welcoïne; bewitched, II, 354. be wrapped, III, 201, wrapped up
oyetale, IV, 79, a tale in accompaniment; by-knack*. IV, 506, a device, a trick? discharge* III 159. to give utterance tb; discheaueled», I, 327. with ™>f*g
v does not know how to act: — em" • _ i„_i„ +„. pmhaved* III. 647, surrounded; em-
imbrued; empanel, Ded 154 rmpanel; empayr», IV, 331. imPalr'
en" • t ™m t =n«- encense I 422, incense (subst.); enchast, 1,400,
encreaseth, l1' ^.^^^'^- enhances; enhaunteth, I, 254. baunts; en-
sS*'i;o5:cai:r^
Ï^tsno^^
concealed as within a shrme; enstructed, Hl. 374. epsuea, v, ioy, 5 entwighted, Ded. 143. entwited, reproached.
loïecast, II, 752; forelabored., IV, 560.weary; f^^l^^^S
the ^*?°^™^£*£iï£ °rv^S^^ iorspake, prescribed; foreseen, IV, 600 foresnamea, iv,1;j, d„ nl -Lo; fore,
III, 728, predicted; forestald, Ded. 60; foretold, III, 377. foreuttrea , , 37 wandred*, III, 705; forewarned, I, 3IQ-
mhurled*, I, 58i, hurled in; inlecks*. I, 560. leaks: inpaths*, III, 396, paths.



mU-
mydcenter*, ï, 445; midpath*. II, 369; mydseas*, III, 108. over-
ouerambling*, I, 324, overtaking; ouerhyed*. III, 524, passed swiftly over; ouer-
passeth, Ded. 99; ouerslipping, Ded. 102; ouervreening, Ded. 188.
out-
owtpassed*, I, 552, surpassed; owtcasting, I, 22; owtcrye, I, 98; owtstreched, I, 493; owtpeaking*, II, 482; owtborne, IV, 467, carried away?; owtrooting, IV, 632, tearing out with the roots; owtspreadding, IV, 717; owtwayle, IV, 730, outcast; owtlaw, IV, 663; owtraging, II, 691. re-
rebating, II, 453, beating, driving back; redowning, I, 594, redounding; regender,
II, 486; reneaged*, II, 651, refused; reioyning*, III, 232, joining; repealing*, II, 462, repelling; repyneth, IV, 475; reshined*. III, 533, shone again; retossed, IV, 466; retrayted, IV, 508.
th rough-
throughpassed, III, 716. un-
unbroyded, II, 412, unbraided; unbuylt, III, 113; uncasing, II, 484, casting off.; uncloased, I, 361; unhafted*, I, 116; unhanging, III, 382, removing; unharbourd, IV, 159; unhoaped, III, 284; unhonest, II, 92; unhowsed*, IV, 44, unoccupied by houses; unmannacled, II, 167; unordred, I, 143; unquieted, IV, 401; untressed, I, 485, dishevelled; untruncked, II, 645, cut off; untumbed, I, 359, unburied; unuariant, IV, 473, unvarying; unwytted*, I, 522, unknown. up.
upbotching*, VIII, 14, mending; upborne, I, 129, borne up; upbreaking, I, 219, cutting up; upclymbing, II, 349; updrawne, III, 283; drawn up; vpfloating* I, 128; upfretting*, II, 451, damaging?; upgot*, I, 313, got up; uphaling, I, 53; upharrow*,
III, 509; uphasping*, IV, 254, closing; upheauing, I, 136; uphilted*, II, 567, pushed in as far as the hilt; uphoouering*, IV, 366, rising up; uphoysing*, I, 114; III, 193, 273; horsting up; uphurdeth*, III, 58, hoards up; uphurleth*, II, 623, hurls upuplaid*, II, 638, overthrown; uplandish, I, 167; uplifting, II, 704; uppeaking*,' III, 209; 281; upplucking*, I, 297, fig. heaving; upraise, I, 384, build; upskynckt*'
III, 368, filled; upsoackt, II, 366, exhausted, upsoaring*, I, 372; upsouping*, III,' 435, swallowing; upstarts, IV, 614, starts up; upsteaming* » II, 219, rising up;' upswelling, II, 282; upvomited*, II, 340.
y-
ybroached, II, 282, pierced; ycleaped, III, 348, called; ycoompast, II, 230, surrounded; ycoouerd, II, 388; ydusked, IV, 693, made dark; yfrancked, III, 642, crammed; ypurpled, IV, 272, made purple; yrented, III, 586, torn off; ysetled,
IV, 487, settled.
Some Suffixes -al
amazonical*, I, 496; celical, III, 610, celestial; cosmical, III, 395; crinijbal*. II, 716, crinite, hairy; domestical, IV, 24; maiestical, I, 71; orbical*, III, 658, orbicular; rustical, I, 434; Sidonical, IV, 142; Troiecal, III, 316, Trojkn.
1 The N.E.D. in this single case quoted from the 1582 edition, and not from Arber, who misspells: vpstreaming.



to ominat, * IH, 374. to forebode.
Sherye IV, 201, lewdness; buttrye, I, 7io. place f or provisions esj..liquida.from i^ntZ cossherve* I, 707, feasting; foolerye, IV, 396; forgerye I, 358. deceit ïrtSe ?rS?hostrye III, 85, th! house of the host; ianglerye, II 114, ]anghng
III, 582, uproar; sorcerye, IV, 523, treacnerye, im, 4d/. ' whirlerye, III, 229.
cratchets IV 6, crotchets; dulcets*. 1,219, doucets; flatchets* I 92, swcrd; grauS ï, 160, a grave person; leueret*. IV, 184, mistress; pncket*, IV, 97. boy, roset, I, 717, adj. roseate.
ïShfnl TV .8- bluddvful* I 361, covered with blood; breathful*. III. 35*. alive; bashful, IV, 50, Diuaoyiui , ±, 3"»» ,™wif„i* TT ai6 mad- wrongful,
rapful(ye)*, IH, 566, with resoundmg blows; woodful , li, 410. miu' w 8
II, 266, unjust.
cïarifye IV, 7. to make bright; fortefye, II, 301; lenifye, IV, 88 to soothe; m^nif7e I 297 to extol; mollefye, I, 256; mortifye, II, 702; scarnfy», II, 3. to make soré; terrefye, II, no; IV, 10; testifye, II, 657.
;l8h • k* TV ,72 like a bug a bogy; currish, Ded. 150; doltish, Ded. 194 stupid; buggish*. IV, 372, like a Dug a oogy ' , Greekish, I, 50; greerush,
elfish II 70o; eloommish, 111,049, giumrnisu, 8»»U"J' inqirish ?II 26 haggish* I. 304; hellish, III, 399; hiUish*, I, 70; hymmsh*. II, 249, tafloan.
sootish*, IV, 479; swartish, IV, 406; uplandish, I, 167. bSathless, IV, 683, dead. (cf. breathful, III, 352, alive).
Smlye. II, 6o3, III. ** bremely. brilliantly; clarcklye*I, 48 artfully; greenlye*. IV 539- oldlye. IV, 261; smacklye*, I, 692; swartlye*, IV, 478.
rumbelow, rumbling.
"our w * «t«hw renastours I 218, repaster, one who takes a
IV, 411 tortures; victours, II, 377- victors. •soom
darcksoom, II, 635.
-us (-ous) • T 62 noisy. boucherus, II, 237, bke a butcher;
blasterus, II, 315. stormy, blusterus,_^™ * . lusters> nurflerous; conboysterus, I, 162; clamorus, II, 66,clusterus • *j£9^ monsterus, I, 116,
trarius, II, 426, contrary; coouetus, III, 47. narDorus, 1, 43 ,



monstrous; mountenus, III, 669; murmerus, I, 253; murtherus, I, 400; mutterus* , I, 435, muttering, murmurous; roysterus, I, 125, roistring; slaughterus*, I, 109; sulphurus, II, 714; tempestuus, I, 8; thundems, I, 237; treacherus, I, 668; valerus, I» 295, valiant; villenous, II, 81; woonderus, I, 68, wondrous. -y, -ye
brackye*, IV, 210, distasteful; brownye*, IV, 164, brownish; crabbye*, 'III, 444, crablike; doggye, I, 146; dolye, II, 421, doleful, sad; drossye, I, 592, impure; flasshye*, II, 510, frothy; fledgye*, I, 308, downy, feathered; fledgie*, I, 436, ready to fly; franckye, III, 224, frankfed, stalled; frostye, III, 292; glimrye*, IV, 216, glistening; harshye, III, 232, harsh; helly, IV, 252; hudgy(e), II, 621, II, 83, huge; plasshye*, III, 200, falling with a plash; plumye*, IV, 187; quaffye*, I, 223, of the nature of quaffing; snarrye*, III, 446, snarUng; spumye*, III, 546; swartye, III, 68; tarrye, II, 808 (adj.); whirrye*, III, 61 r, to whirl.
From the above examples it will be seen, that Stanyhurst added a good many new derivations to the language. He seems to have been especially fond of the prefixes be-, fore- and up- and of the suffixes -ish, -us, -y{e), -ery.
Compóunds Substantives made up of two substantives.
adgematè, II, 574, person of the same age; bancksydes, IV, 433, banks; banefyers, IV, 696, the stake; bedgle, IV, 20, sexual intercourse; bedmatch, IV, 172; bedmat's, IV, 229; beadmate, III, 344; blastpuf, I, 581, wind; blastbob, IV, 468, short jerk caused by the blast; brest cel, IV, 70, breast; bridehymne, IV, 130; bulhyd, I, 374, a buli's hide; burdseat, III, 408, a seat at the board; bughags, IV, 656; byrthsoyl, , IV, 683; chayneknob, I, 302, knobs or knots in a chain; corneshocks, II, 315; crabknob, I, 168, used adj. rough like a crabtree, knobbly; cuprit's, IV, 219, cup-rites; daytoyl,-TV, 566; east seat, III, 598; fire bayt, IV, 2, fiery bait; frith cops, I, 456, grove; frosthoare, IV, 261, hoarfrost; frapknocks, IV, 726, knocks; fyrebroils,
III, 154, conflagration; garbroyls, I, 5, brawls, struggles; gate-trip, I, 697, gait; gellye blud, IV, 742, jeüy-blood, congealed blood; gowne-sept, I, 290, the clan that wears a gown; gouldfrets, I, 654, gold wire; Greceland, I, 251; groaue erop, I, 445,
' grove; gulligut, III, 228, used adj., greedy.ravenous; graueporer, IV, 644, one who is looking into his grave; hayle-knob, IV, 167, hailstone; handclaspe, IV, 319; heapeflud, I, 125, a high flood; heerdflock, I, 191, a flock; helcaue, I, 208, the cave of heil; hearelocks, I, 327, locks of hair; -herbflowrs, I, 422; heerdswarme, I, 438, a swarm; headtop, II, 699; hearebush, II, 701, the hair; helswarme, III, 690; hearddeare,
IV, 159, a herd of deer; hedgebrat, IV, 393; hertsigh, IV, 431, a sigh from the heart; hildens, I, 148, dens in the hill; hiuecot, I, 439, shed with hives; hilrocks, IV, 264; housframe, II, 322; hoarelocks, II, 565, hoary locks; horse-nest, Pref 89, a mare's nest; hous-seat, II, 682; houseplace, II, 711; housroofs, IV, 192; hornebeams, III, 650, beams of light issuing likehorns from the head of a deity; hoblobs, IV, 150, clumsy fellows; holme logs, IV, 538, logs of wood from the holly; hu crye, IV, 635, hue and cry; hunt spears, IV, 134; launce staffe, I, 483; lawdaughter, II, 516; lawfather, II, 355; leage seat, III, 16, the seat allied (to Troy); lightflams, II, 770; lightbolts, III, 202, thunderbolts; looue fits, I, 667; looue furye, IV, 94; looue mate, IV, 390; looue traps, IV, 517; lyplicks, I, 694; lypthreats, II, 108; maydpriest, IV, 512; mylckdame, IV, 683, nurse; nightfog, IV, 612; oakroas, III, 659, rows of oaks; IV, 187, packpaunch, fat paunch; pillotoy, IV, 116, amorous dalliance; plowswayn, I, 4. ploughman; pufroare, II, 427, puff -f- roar; racebrood, III, 719, race + brood;



rooteSeat,III,^
IV. 356 n^nrtaiandge; ^«Sg^^SLÏÏS^7or L seat. IV, 165; smocktoy, rvv222 sug§estl"S g the breeder 0f
relation to a ^™<E*&^£ X.' ?SÏ'chariot.'steed + yoke; sport; stoanseats, I. 175. s*^y^^ds III 160; Troydames, I, 184; Troytarbreeche. IV 394. a «itor, Troy-taands, lil 100,^ Troy-war, flames, I, 686; Troy-men III ^J^^' ^f iv. 00; wingflight, IV,
III, 626; Troy-youths, I, 473. v^rste^ iii, 55 . wyndblast, I, 67;
186; windfane, IV, 611; woodpde, IV, 740, woolt aams, ±1, 3 y wyndflaws, III, 79-
Substantives made up of verb + substantive.
breaMeage(s),II 558. one who freaks «^5^-breaks his vow; bre f^SS-^Y'gJ.S* ?v 487, that which takes away life; toyls, IV, 134. nets for catclnng, fetcöüeie, iv, 4°7. huf{in„ „aie; lay-stow,
hop thumb, IV, 343. hop o'my thumb; huf: IV 454. ^IZw, fv. 61; marckIIIP 628, a place for depositmg dung; make^ort I, 744. makela^
^d' it8!fa ^££ïï^?#& a thne'for drinking; shrynepufwynd, 11, oii, a puxuug h j r screeching owl snar-
*Xl. 443. the shrining ^a*^dj^^IV^. ^screec ^ noise, I, 254, a snarnng noise; spooksmate, 111, 373. i~ tucktlocks, III, 171. tucked locks.
Substantives consisting of subst. + verb. hprtlvkine hoaplost, II, 82, IV. 530. one who has lost hope; stormbnnger, I, 543- hertlykmg, IV, 104, love; wreckmake, III. 564. ™aker of wrecks.
Substantives consisting of adj. + subst.
uw TTT 17 adverse wind; deadfolck, III. 44'. hoatlooue, 1, 695, t-apai crosseblast, III, 17, aüverse wuiu, m . truprophet, III, 447-
arrow, hot-love; kind-mynd, IV, 417, tnicksüyn, u*. 134. f
There is one subst. formed from two adjectives. oldgrey, II, 669, a greybeard.
^brll^ld, II. 7x; brasshapen. II, ^^^^SS^^^SS^. verse + blind; hertsad, II, 349! prowdborne, IV 582.»^™d by rlpe; shotfree, I, 754. both meaning. causing ram; ^^^^S+toJi; wtndbeaten, IIL640; thickleaued, I, 319; touzdtost, I, 137. tousea -r
III, 600.



Words recorded in the N.E.D. as the earliest instances known.
balducktoom , Ded. 195: trashy, worthless.
baretour , I, 142: barrator, fighter, bully.
basket , 1,709: to put in baskets.
bat'ful , VIII, 26: bateful, full of strife, quarrelsome. ,
beblubberd , I, 243: blubbered around, covered with tears.
becrowning , III, 537: covering with a crown..
bedymmed , III, 583: made dim.
bemuffled , IV, 486: muffled around.
beplumed , I, 308: covered with feathers.
bepowdred , IV, 160: covered with powder.
bespoken , II, 800: arranged beforehand.
bleacheth , II, 384: blanches, makes white, deprives of colour (genera! sense).
blusturs , I, 91: bluster, wind.
boucherus , II, 237: deadly.
bourrachoe , III, 643: borachio, a leathern vessel for wine.
brazed , I, 595: made or covered with brass?
breakevow , IV, 454: one that breaks his vows.
breathful , III, 352: alive.
brownye , IV, 164.
bulcht , I, 132: variant of to bulge, to stave in.
bulcking , I, 671: term of endearment, probably. M. Du, boelekyn.
carousing , I, 223: carousing, drinking deeply.
cocketed , VIII, 30: cocketed, joined (in building).
cockney , I, 699: to treat with fondnêss.
coniuress , IV, 329: a female conjuror.
cossherye , I, 707: feasting.
crabbye , III, 444: crablike.
crossebars , II, 109: misfortune.
dandiprat , I, 722; IV, 219: a young insignificant person.
discheaueled , I, 327: of "the hair unconfined by head gear, hanging loose.
disioyncted , II, 161: dis joined, disunited.
disseasoned , I, 184: the flavour taken away.
distracted , II, 325: thrown in a state of mind in which one does not know how to act,
draw the covert, IV, 124.
embarring , _ I, 392: opposing a barrier to.
embayed , III, 647: surrounded.
enkendleth , II, 615: causes to blaze up, excites passion.
enshrowds , I, 416: envelops completely, hides from view.
enshrynd , III, 597: concealed within a shrine.
famosed , I,. 7: famous.
ferret , II, 313: to search.
ferreted ';*;¥:. , III, 710: burrowed.
flantadoe , I, 44: ? to flaunt with a pseudó Spanish en ding.
flasshye , II, 510: throwing up water.
flayling , VIII, 24: striking as with a flail.
flinted , III, 279: cruel.
flirts , III, 438: throws with a quick jerk.
flownce , III, 585: with a flouncing motion, with a sudden jerk.



flounst , I, 624: dashed or driven with violence, üung with a flop or splash.
flownse M, , II, 222: a sudden fling or jerk; a plunging or flopping movement.
fostred , I, 10: earhest use as an adjective:
franck , 1,223: to cram, to feed high.
frollick , 1,745: to niake joyous or merry.
gadding , HX. 74: moving about; earhest instance of use of inammate objects.
gaunted , II, 366: made lean or meagre.
glimrye , IV, 216: ghstening.
gogled , I, 459: turned his eyes to one side; the earhest instance of transitive use.
greenlye , IV, 539.
gulligut , III, 228: a glutton; the earhest use as an adjective.
gutter , IV, 473: of tears, to flow in streams.
haggish , I, 304.
haggle, , III, 670: to progress haltingly, to advance with difficulty.
hag'der ,' I, 605: a clumsy, awkward workman, a bungler.
hammer ', IV, 412: to prepare; the earhest instance of fig: use.
hauking , IV, 79: clearing the throat noisily.
hazard , III. 27: chance venture.
heaped ', I, 138: overwhelmed.
hearelocks , I, 327: locks of hair-
hillish , . I, 7o: hiuy-
hoblobs , IV, 150: clumsy fellows.
hudwinck , IV, 176: concealment, a blind.
limber , IV, 180: of persons, their bodies: hthe, nimble.
Ughtbolts , III, 202: thunderbolts.
looue mate , IV, 390:
lusty iuuentus , II, 652: first use allusively; name of a play.
makesport , I, 744= one who causes sport,
malleted , III, 649: fixed as if by hammenng.
message , IV, 377= to send a message.
mopsye , I, 721: a young, small person; term of endearment.
morter , II, 504: buüding, masonry.
orbical , JU, 658: orbicular.
ominat , UI, 374: to forbode.
patchery , n, 674: roguery, knavery.
pertlyke , H, 338: Pert-
oitfle , IV, 15: pitiful.
olasht II 218: struck the surface of water, so as to break it up.
plasshye i III, 200: that piashes, dashes or falls with a plash.
plowswayn » I, 4: ploughman.
plumye , IV, 187: downy.
prages , I, 197: a sPear or simüar weapon.
pricket , IV, 97: a b°y-
rake , Hl, 603: a lean person.
ramnired I. 279: surrounded with walls.
ranckled , A 104: of persons: to have a painful feeling. to fret, to chafe angrily.
reckning , H, 101: estimation, consideration.
reioyning , ïjl, 233: joining.



relinquish ', III, 298: to leave behind.
relying , II, 437: being devoted to.
reneaged , II, 651: refused, declined.
resbined , III, 533: shoné again.
rumboled , III, 592: èmitted as a rumbling sound.
scarrifye , II, 365: to make sore. fig.
sea froth , I, 156.
searchress , IV, 654: a female searcher.
sheeplyke , IV, 711: like a sheep.
slampam , IV, 633: to give the slampam = to give the slip.
slaughterus , I, 109: deadly.
slider* , II, 247: a beam or plank on which some thing heavy may beslid.
slip , IV, 87: a young person of either sex, esp. one of slender build.
smocktoy , IV, 222: suggestive of loose conduct or immorality in or in relation to women;
also the earhest of all compounds with smock.
snayling , IV, 691: moving lazily, sluggishly.
soothsay , III, 158; IV, 68: prediction.
sootish , IV, 479: sooty.
spatter , II, 43: to scatter or disperse in fragments.
speaking , '. I, 717: striking, faithful.
spirt , III, 34: of liquids to spring or burst out in a small quantity
but with some force.
spirted , I, 558: took its origin from; the earhest instance of fig. use.
spirts , II, 486: sends out in a jet or a slender rapid stream, squirts.
spooksmate , III, 373: a spokesman and friend.
sprauleth , II, 140: crawlsfrom one place to another in a struggling or
ungraceful manner; also fig. to proceed, to issue,
spumye , III, 546: covered with, throwing up, of the nature of seafoam.
swartlye , IV, 478: so as to become swart.
thickleaued , I, 319: with dense foliage.
thickskyn , III, 134: thick skinned.
topping , II, 232: surpassing.
twattle , II, 103: to utter or teil idly; the earhest instance of trans. use.
unhafted , I, 115: removed.
unhowsed , IV, 44: not occupied by houses.
uphurdeth , III, 58: hoards up.
uphurleth , II, 623: hurls up.
upsoaring , I, 372: soaring up.
vagare , II, 30: vagary.
vayle , IV, xo6: to abase humbly.
wanton , IV, 145: to play sportively.
whetned , III, 306: whetted.
whirrye , III, 611: to drive swiftly.
whizling , I, 93: whizzing or whistling.
Words of which only one instance is recorded in the N.E.D.
adgemate , II, 574: person of the same age.
aflighted , II, 430: fled.
amazonical , 1,496: hke an amazon.
aneered , II, 343: came near.



aneereth , arcted , baerlym , baldare , baratresse , bebasse , bebasted , bebroyded , beerampöund , bedgle , bediiiatch , bedmat's , beglitterd, , behesting , bepounced , bepurpled , berampyrd , beskorched , beswelterd , betraynted* beveyled , bewelcomd , blastbob , blasterus , blastpuf , bluddyful , bracky , brasshapen , brassebold , breakleages , breedesleepe buggish chamfering, cheate clusterus, corneshocks crabknob crampornd crinital ■ crosseblynd cuprit's drawcut elflyke fetchliefe flatchet fledggie fledgye flundge forelittring forenoted foreuttred fretting
II, 729: is near or close to. I, 336: closely allied.
VIII, 13: bare-limbed. IV, 401: din, nproarious noise. I, 499: a female barrator.
I, 692: to cover with kisses.
III, 782: basted around.
III, 479: embroidered around. TV, 154: set like a jewel. <
IV, 20: sexual intercourse. IV, 172: marriage.
IV, 172; III, 344.
I, 409: made resplendent. IV, 615: commands.
I, 454: sprinkled, finished.
I, 596: made purple.
II, 252: surrounded with walls. II, 285: scorched around.
I, 518: made to swelter.
II, 601: borne or carried away. II, 369: veiled about. • III, 259: made welcome. IV, 468: short jerks from the blast.
II, 315: stormy.
I, 581: puff of wind.
I, 361: covered with blood. IV, 210: distasteful.
II. 75i: made of brass.
I, 71: as bold as brass.
II) 558: one who breaks a league.
IV, 515: that which causes sleep.
IV, 372: like a bug or bogy. VIII, 5: channelwise. Ded. 14: impostor.
I, 191: in clusters, numerous.
II, 315: shocks of corn.
I, 168: rugged like a crabtree. IV, 470: cramped, confined:
II, 716: crinite, hairy.
IV, 470: transverse and blind. IV, 219: cuprites. I, 515: done by drawing cuts or lots. ', III, 319: like an elf or a ghost.
IV, 87: that which takes away life. I, 92: a sword. , I, 436: ready to fly.
I, 308: of wings: furnished with feathers.
\ 1, 159: contamination of to fly + to plunge. Ded'. 142: to litter before the proper time.
III, 686: prescribed.
', III, 570: uttered before.
II, 774: devouring, consuming. Used absolutely.



frap , IV, 726: knock.
frith cops , 1,456: grove.
fyrebolt , VIII, 15: thunderbolt.
fyrebroyls , III, 154: conflagration.
galp ,' III, 645: the action of gaping.
gapwyd , II, 245: with a wide gap.
gatetrip , 1,697: gait. ,
garbroyls, , I, 5: brawls; fighting.
gellyeblud , IV, 742: congealed blood.
gownesept , I, 290: the clan of the gown-wearers.
graueporer , IV, 644: one who is looking into his grave, an old man.
grauet , I, 16b: a grave person.
groaue erop ., I, 454: a grove.
groyl , IV, 179: one who is always on the move?
groyleth , III, 678: moves, makes one's way.
gyreful , VIII, 23: full of gyres or turns, circling.
handclaspe , IV, 319: a clasp of the hand.
harsshing , < I, 454: giving a harsh sound: only instance of literal use.
headtop , II, 699: the top of the head.
heapeflud , I, 125: a high flood.
hearebush , II, 701: the hair.
hedgebrat , IV, 393: one who sleeps under hedges.
heerdflock , I, 191: a flock.
hiuecot , 1,439: a shed with hives.
hizling , IV, 369: frequentative of to hiss; to blow.
hopthumb , IV, 343: hop o'my thumb.
hornebeams , III, 650: a beam of light issuing like a hora from the head of a deity.
horsenest , Pref. 89: a mare's nest.
hufgale , IV, 454: a gale.
hymnish , II, 249: like a hymn.
inhurled , 1,581: hurled in.
inlecks , 1,560: leaks.
inpath , III, 396: path.
lawdaughter , II, 355: daughter-in-law.
lawfather , II, 516: father-in-law.
hghtbolts , III, 202: thunderbolts.
loouefits , 1,667: lovesickness.
lyplicks , 1,694: kisses.
make law , IV, 61: the maker of laws.
marekmears , I, 346: boundary lakes.
matchlyke , III, 553: in pairs.
moonwise , III, 116: learned in the movements of the moon.
mutterus , 1,435: murmerus.
mylckdame , IV, 683: nurse.
myred , IV, 293: wondered.
niddipol ' , IV, 110: noddipol, fooi.
oldgrey , II, 669: a greybeard.
ouerambhng , I, 324: overtaking.
ouerhyed , III, 524: passed swiftly over.
owtpeaking , II, 482: peaking or sticking out.
pack paunch , IV, 187: a pot-bellied person.



parcerye , III, 347: apportionment.
parchfulye , viii, 8: in a parched or burning state.
peal , H, 419: adv. with showering blows.
pealing , ii, 492: showering blows on, hammering on.
plashbreache , iii, 428: the breaking of the waves against the shore.
prat'pye ', iv, 202: a chattering magpie.
pufroare , II, 427: blowing and roaring.
pufwynd , tl, 811: windpuff.
quaffye , i. 223: of the nature of quaffmg.
quaftyde , iv, 314: drinking time.
quiverish , iii, 3°-
racebrood , iii, 7iq-
rainbreede , I, 754= causing rain.
rapfulye , iii, 566: with resounding blows, rapfuliy.
rockrayes . , iii, 7r4: unes of rocks.
rouncefal , II, 645: a heavy fall or crash.
rufflered , viii, 19: boisterous.
rufflerye , III» 582: uproar.
rumbolo , 1.207: rumbling, resounding.
shoutcry , i, 33i: shout.
shrewdwyt , II, ï37= a shrewd-witted fellow.
shrine case , iv, 87: a shrine.
shrine clowd , I. 443= the shrining cloud.
shrined viii, 28: covered with rich ornament.
shrilbated ', I, 455: wiül a shrm sound as of voices in strife'
sideryb ', iv, 256: a mountain ridge.
skewd , H, 757: turned sidewards. -
skincking , ui, 128: pouring out (wine). The only instance as an adj.
ski-top . i. 35: the top of the sky.
smacklye , 1,692: with smacks.
snarnoise , I, 25,4: a snarhng noise.
snarrye , ui, 44°: snarhng.
sothtel , iv, 397= soothsayer.
qouthsavd , i, 26: predicted. adj.
™ard It! 452: a sow, to protect attacking soldiers in a siege.
HT,irr, ' i 293: to shoot forth, descend from.
Sebreder iv, 698: a thing that causes sport i.e. amorous dalhance.
SïïST ; tl Sï %£TJL£Si* and swartrutter, aswaggering ruffian.
swallolyke , iv, 186: like a swallow
talright , i, 5°8: upright and tall, lofty.
tarbreeche , iv, 394= a Jack Tar.
touzdtost , I. 137: toused and tossed about.
trinckerye , iv, 137: l*e trinckets.
truchsprit , iv, 375= interpeter appeanng as a spint.
udderd , iv, 387: nounshed,
unwytted , 1,522: unknown.
upbotch , viii, 14: to botch up, to mend.
upfloating , I. 128: floating up.
upgot , i, 313: got up.
upharrow. , iii, 509: to harrow up.



uphasping , IV, 254: closing.
uphilted , II, 567: stuck in as far as the hilt.
uphoysing , I, 114; III, 193; 273: hoisting up.
uplaid , II, 638: overthrown.
uppeaking , III, 209, 281: rising up.
upplücking, , II, 297: heaving (a sigh).
upsoackt , II, 366: exhausted.
upsouping , III, 435: swallowing.
upsteaming , II, 219: rising up.
upvomited , II, 340: vomited (trans.).
warfeats , IV, 90: feats of war.
wandbeaten , III, 600: beaten by the wind.
windfanè , IV, 6x1: a weathercock.
wingflight , IV, 186: flight.
woodful , II, 416: mad.
woolfdams , II, 366: she-wolves.
wreckmake , IV, 564: the maker of wrecks.
wringlye , VIII, 17: twistedly, in a wry or twisted manner.
wymbèled , II, 451: pierced bored. The only instance as an adj.
wyndblast , I, 67: a blast of wind.
Words not recorded in the N.E.D.
acrested , III, 481: may mean: provided with a crest or may be a crested
banefyers , IV, 696: the stake.
blastpuf , I, 581: a puff of wind.
brestcel , IV, 70: breast.
bridehymne , IV, 130: bridal hymn.
bughags , IV, 656: ghosts.
bulhyd , 1,374: a buli's hide.
burdseat , III, 408: the seats found the table.
by knack , IV, 506: a knack, device.
byrthsoil , IV, 683: native land.
catchtoyls , II, 566: nets to catch animals in.
daytoyl , IV, 566: the day's work.
deadfolck , III, 44: cf. deadman.
east seat , III, 598: the east.
edging , III, 24: growing along the edges?
elfshow , 1,412: appearing hke a ghost.
firebayt , IV, 2: fiery bait.
forelabored , IV, 560: weary?
foresnaffled , IV, 17: snaffled beforehand.
forewandred , III, 705: visited before.
gouldfrets , 1,465: gold wire.
Greekfleete , I, 50: (possibly two ^words).
Greceland , 1,251: Greece.
groaping , III, 630: palpable.
hayleknob , IV, 167: hailstone.
heapwise , III, 661: in a heap.
heardeere , IV, 159: a herd of deer.



heerdswarme , I, 438: a swarm.
helcaue , 1,208: the cave of heil.
helswarme , III, 690: a swarm as if from heil.
hertlyking , IV, 104: love.
hertsad . II, 349: sad of heart.
hertsigh , IV, 431: a sigh from the heart.
hildens , I, 148: caves, dens in the hill.
hilrocks , IV, 264: the rocks of the hill.
hoarelocks , II, 565: greY hair.
hoatlooue , . 1,695: ardent love.
holmelogs , IV, 538: logs from the holly.
houseframe , II, 322: house.
housseat , II, 682: house. 
hullelo , IV, 137: imitative of the sound made by the nympns.
hucrye ', IV, 635: hue and crye.
knapknob , IV, 551: see note to IV, 551.
launcestaffe , I, 483' . .
leage seat , III, 16: the seat allied (to Tra].).
lïghtflames , II, 77o: tlames.
listenes , IÖ, 254: attention.
loouefurye , IV, 94.
loouetraps , IV, 517.
lustilad , III, 683: vigorous. ?
lypthreats , II, 108: threats.
maydpriest , IV, 512: priestess.
midpath , Q, 369: central path.
mydcenter , 1,445' centre.
nightfog , IV, 612.
oakroas , III, 695: rows of oaks.
pillotoy , IV, 116: amorous dalliance.
prowdborne , IV, 581: borne proudly?
rapesnacht , IV, 205: snatched away by rape.
rockbane , UI, 438: the deadly rocks.
rocktops , IV, 158.
roate seat , III, 28: root.
seabelch , IH, 566: the belching of the sea.
sea furye , I, 604.
seaplash , III, 161: the sea.
shelueflats , 1.545- sandbanks.
skrichciye , IV, 747: screech.
skye seat , IV, 165: the sky.
stoanseats , 1,i75= stone seats.
Troy brands , III, 160.
Troy dames , I, 484-
Troy flames , l, 686.
Troy men , III, 189.
Troy seat , 1,384-
Troy town , 1,257.
Troy war , III, 626.
tïprophet18 ', 111,447- a prophet who speaks the truth. vphoouering , IV, 366: hovering up.
I. 438: I, 208:
III, 690:
IV, 104:
II, 349: IV, 431:
I, 148:
IV, 264:
II, 565: . 1,695:



vpfretting , II, 451. vpskynckt , III, 368: filled. windflaws , III, 79: a gust of wind.
Words of which Stanyhurst has an earlier instance than the earhest recorded in the N.E.D. for which see the notes. Here I only statelthemeaning and the year and author mentioned in the N.E.D.
bagage , IV, 192: a worthless woman. 1596 Shakespeare.
bancksyds , IV, 227; IV, 43'3: banks. 1596 Spenser.
bedred ,. 11,746: worndut, decrepit. 1621 Quarles.
beldam , IV, 68: loathsome old woman, a hag. 1586 Sidney.
brusteth , 11,493: to breast. 1599 (Shakespeare.
clarcklye , I, 48: artfully. 1594 Nashe.
crossblast , III, 17: unfavourable wind. 1617 Bayne.
discharge , III, 159:, to give utterance to. 1600 Blount.
dulcets „ 1,219: doucets; the testicles of a deer. 1611 Beaumont &
Fletcher.
edgde - , II, 342: provided with an edge. 1591 Shakespeare.
eggeth , 1,649: to give keenness to (appetite,
wit etc). 1599 Shakespeare.
eyebal , IV, 188. 1592 Shakespeare.
extrimitie , 1,383: extreme severity of weather. 1664 Evelyn:
fauoring , I, 697; III, 364: to resemble generally 1609 Ben Jpnson.
fayrye , 1,659: a small graceful woman or
child. 1838 Lytton.
fishing , , II, 660: to search. 1727 Swift-Pope.
frosthoare , IV, 261: hoarfrost. 1853 Charl. Bronte.
hooked , IV, 219: to seize by stealth, to steal. 1615 Tomkis.
hooueld , IV, 258; 624: to cover. 1688 R. Holme.
housgods , 1,384: IV, 642: household gods. 1600 Holland.
housroofs , IV, 192. 1860 Tyndall.
huddle , IV, 204: to pile up confusedly. 1599 Shakespeare.
huntspears , IV, 134. 1594 Marlowe-Nashe.
leueret , IV, 184: a mistress. 1617 S. Collins.
longborne , II, 29. 1620 S. A. Gorges.
make it scrupulous, II, 142: to scruple, to hesitate. 1593
mearing , 111,520: mear, boundary. 16x6 Boyle.
owtpassed , 1,553: to surpass. 1592 Carew.
patiënt , I, 54: sufferer. 1795 Southey.
peale meale , VIII, 22: pell-mell. adj. 1585
pietee , 1,161: habitual révérence and obe-
dience to God(s). 1604 Cawdrey.
platfoorm , I, 430: site of a group of buildings. 1598 Hakluyt.
poste haste , IV, 623. 1593 Shakespeare.
queazy , . IV, 411: uncomfortable (as of sickness). 1589
quicksenting , IV, 135. 1742 Fielding.
qoiDites . , II, 75: subtlety, quibble. 1588 Shakespeare.
rainmake , IV, 55: rain used objectively. 1632 Iithgow.
retrayted , IV, 508: to withdraw, take away, remove. 1593 Nashe. ,
seatost , I, 176: tossed about by the sea. 1608 Shakespeare.
4



sheep flocks , III, 655: a flock of sheep. 1808 Shirref.
she priest , IV, 543: a priestess. W Percivall.
shotfree , II, 377= scotfree. 1586 Montgomerie.
skrich howle , IV, 487: screechowl, barn-owl. 1593 Shakespeare.
skymounted I, 171: sky + pa. ple, mounting to the sky. 1595 Spenser. slip , IV, 588: error iri conduct; moral trans-
gression. 1601 Dent-
spirted , IV, 548: to sprout. 1584 Miss Jackson
squise , II, 233: to squeeze. 1598 Florio.
teare drop , IV, 462. 1830 Tennyson.
threefaced , TV, 546: with triree faces. 1689
vannished too ayerye thinnesse, I, 593; IV, 288. 1590 Marlowe.
war steeds , III, 551 • I776 Mickle.
weather hackt, i, 165: weather, instrumental. 1609 Healey.
woodpile , ' IV, 740: a pile of wood. 1696
I think that from these last four lists it will be evident to any unprejudiced reader, that Stanyhurst's great strengthlies in the formation of new words. He shows himself a man of no small inventive power, onginahty and courage. He does not hesitate to depart from the conventional, to turn nouns into adjectives, to make intransitive verbs transitive, to form new compounds, to think of new derivations, to shape new words and to give a new shade of meaning to existing ones. Especially in his mimetics he cleverly manages to express the meaning of the word by the sound. It is clear that his ear was an important factor in the writing of this poem. Though neither a poet, nor an ideal translator, he was an author who showed himself a clever metrist, be it in the limited field of the hexameter. It says something for the man that in spite of the fact that he was one of the pioneers.hesucceeded in writing hexameters that have won the appreciation of modern critics, which cannot be said of many of those who tned their hand at quantitative hexameters. For this he certainly deserves the attention of students of English metres. But the greatest debt of gratitude we owe him is for the numerous new words he gave to the English language. Even if we consider that out of over four hundred new words which are to be found in this one poem, many were not actually made by him but only first used in print, by which he probably prevented them from getting lost, still I think a sufficiently large number of really new formations wffl be left to convince any one, that in spite of his faults and shortcomings, in spite of his pedantry and his queerness in many respects, he has a great claim on our gratitude and admiration and has not altogether deserved all the abuse showered upon him by his critic3.







O» VIHGIl HIS IS
?httbighHgeoldmonument,andne'wbrookeZ*nthUt Ikpovcledge.
With thepeut toVmegats fauoring thee prtnctpal bldportes.
Alfa mye cvmpantons tn country citty t be frollickt:
In toe the verye Valaice thee Prtncc theym wholye receaueth.
With whip cat bowling they kept a myrry caroufng,
Tbcetouldcn ma\urs vpfky nekt fora bon vtage hojfing.
Therewedydalfoiourne twodajes:thenaprofj>erm hxUtng
Offouth blaft,puffmg onfayles doothjummon vs onVard.
7oo thee Princely prophet th* I f^hymfieendhe rtqueftmg.
Ofacred Troian.thce hght ofmtflerye darwed, Of Gods thee ffookj mate.thee truchman ofhallodeApollo: 'By the God enftruüedby fiars forto ommat eeche thtng, Byfltthtandchirpingbyrds tooprognofttcat apthe: Poure fiorth thy prophecy (for too mee proper* hazards Eeche found relligionforetolJ,mee to Italyepojttng, Only ondiJbUafauntfoHlejhaptebyrdjhe HarpyeCeUna (Forwams much mifchtefe too coom with iMinrm hunger) In theefeftormyepenis too Khatfaulf portcfiall takemec'
Km, HelenJftaughtring,with woont accuftomedheyjers, Teace Lues of the Godhead,from front thee label ™h**&fa tfvttejby the hand,tremblmg hee leads to thye myfterye^Vhvbsu) Thee prieft this prophecy from Gods direBton opned.
ThL fion ofholye Venus (fir th'art by fetledapomüment OfGodsmightye power to exphyts moft d.ughtye referued
Thm thyfateiftabltfht dooth reffo 'b'f'rt»n»?rdJed) OfpointlifundryewyUtothefl,apebutacurtaU
Too the eeidemthyi"*»*)1 thow mayfi the more heedlye be lejfondt ^ind paffe to Italian region,tbusfhortlye reherfmg Peecemealeprittyeparings:for,tootclnfumm^jetotaK Theefat'skfngdlenMfooebar^thIuno^ Wheare thoVfuppofeïi therefr,that here Italyefafl by Tootbft*»d,i«7m\ndcfltoofayM With dra-w thy iudgmentfom thatgroffecofmtcalerroure. Itah is hencepartetby longcroffe damerus *»p*tbs. . In LdTrinacrianthy great aars mujf deeplyebe Xdrhefearoughwinkmmujleeks^
From the Leyden edition, 1582.



THEE FIRST F O VRE BOOKES OF VI R-
f~";TT HTQ 2P1\.TTh IC Tl? A MCT A
ted intoo English heroical verse by Richard Stanyhurst, wyth oother Poetical diuises theretoo annexed.
Imprinted at Leiden in Holland by Iohn Patés.
Anno M.d.lxxxii.







TOO THEE RIGHT HONOVRABLE MY
VERIE LOOVING BROO-
THER THEE LORD BARON OF DVNSANYE.
"What deepe and rare poynctes of hydden fecrets Virgil hath Jealde vp in his twelue bookes of Mneis, may eajelye appeere too Juch reaching wyts, as bend theyre endewours, too thee vnfolding thereof; not onlyè by gnibling vpon thee owtward ryne of a Juppofed hijtorie, but aljo 5 by groaping thee pyth, that is Jlirind vp wythin thee barck and bodye of Jo exquijit and Jingular a dijcourfe. For where as thee chiefe prayJe of a wryter conjijteth in thee enterlacihg of pleafure wyth profit: oure author hath so wijelye alayed thee one wyth thee oother, as thee Jhallow reader may bee delighted wyth a Jmooth tale, and thee diuing Jearcher
io may bee aduataged by Jowning a pretiouje treatife. And certes this preheminencye of writing is chieflye (yf wee rejpect oure old latin Poëtes) too bee affurded too Virgil in this wurck, and too Ouid in his ' Metamorpho/is. As for Ennius, Horace, Iuuenal, Per/ius and thee rablement of Juch cheate Poëtes, theyre dooinges are, for fauoure of anti-
15 quitye, rather to be pacientlye allowed, thean highlye regarded. Such leauinges as wee haue of Ennius his ragged verJes are nothing current, but Jauoure Joomwhat nappy of thee Jpigget, as one that was neauer accu ftomed too Jtrike vp thee drum, and too crye, in blazing martial exploytes, alanne, but when hee were haulfe tipjye, ac Horace recor-
20 deth. Thee oother three, ouer this that theyre Verfes in camfering wije run harfhe and rough, perfourme nothing in matter, but biting quippes, taunting Darcklye certeyn men of Jtate, that hued in theyre age, beefprinckling theyre inuectiues with Joom moral preceptes, aunjwerable too thee capacitye of eurie weake brayne. But oure
25 Virgil not content wyth Juch meigre Jtuffe, dooth laboure, in telling, as yt were a Cantorburye tale, too ferret owt thee Jecretes of Nature, with woordes so fitlye coucht, wyth verjes Jo Jmoothlye Jlyckte, with Jentences so featlye orderd, with orations Jo neatlie burnijht, with Jimilitudes Jo aptly applyed, with eeche decorum Jo duely objerued, 30 as in truth hee hath in right purchajed too hym Jelf thee name of a JurpaJJing poët, thee fame of an od oratoure, and thee admiration of a profound philojopher. Hauing therefore (mi good lord) taken vpon



mee too execute Joom part of mayster Afkam ^T&^ihw Sden pamphlet, intituled thee Schoolemayster, dooth wijh thee « VmSitKudents too apphe theyre wittes in bewtifyuig oure Enghfh 35 ÏÏ^Slrofcal ve?Jes: I heeld no Jo fit. too^ geeue thee
onfet on as Virgil, who, for his peerelejje Jtyle, and machlejJe Jtafie, dootl beaS thee prick and price among al thee Roman Poets How bey I W heerehaulf a guejh, that two Jortes of carpers wyl Jeeme
40 htZ Jpuie at this myne ^^KV^^J^^tu^ oother meanelye letterd. Thee ignorat wyl ïmagin, that thee paJJage ^ ïothSg cLggye, in as much as M Phaere Mth b^oken_ thee hefore mee" Thee meaner clarcks wyl Juppoje, my trauail in tneeje Wcal verjï; too carrye no great difficultie in that yt lay m my a< S e too make what word I would Jhort or long, haumg no Enghjh 45 5^ r beef ore mee in this kind of poëtrye with whoje Jqune Jhould. leauel mv svüables. Too Jhape therefor an anjwer too thee frrjt, 1 jay, are alCeather in a wïög box: cöjidering that Juch woordes as fit M PhT^ybee very vnapt for mee, which they wou ld confejje ,o v thevreJkil^re, Jo much as Jpare, in theeje ver Jes Further more I 5 [tand ScehTon my pantofles that way, as yf I could, yeet I would 1 nTrin^orthelfkore with M. Phaer, or ennie oother, by borrowing to^to^Z^Z***** a lang^ge, as oure Enghjh tongue tAnTm goodT^th, althogh thee gentleman hath tranjlated Vjrgü « intoo EngmrvLie with Juch Jurpajsing excellente, as a vene few afmv St) for pyekt and loftie woordes can burd hym none l am
iTaJJurXoUo^hym: yeet ^^^éS^S£^ n„ht nf mv Mines- by reaton that m cüferrmg nis tranjlation wuu „tVl wX tacïï'tooweede owt from my vertes Jnch chorte woonte, 60 ï were te(SMbyhta: vnlef [e they were to feeltag, as oothers could * ZrSmSSe theyre Jigniftation: In which caje yt were no reaton So teauetter my pen from theyre acquaintance, conjidermg, that as rS'wi nofthee firjt founrder, (o hee
fZ SPM Phaer his enterpretation, and clinge more neere too thee 5' m^e authoure^in JÜJing thee ^ 75 SStS bestow thee kernei vpon thee wyttye and enqmjitme reader.



I could lay downe heere sundrye examples, were yt not I fhould bee thoght ouer curious, by prying owt a pimple in a bent: but a few fhal , ^fOtfice. In thee fourth booke, Virgil deciphering thee force of Mercurye , among oother properties wryteth thus. 80 Dat fomnos adintitque, & lumina morte rejignat. M. Phaer dooth Ènglifh yt in this wife.
And fleepes therewyth he geeues and takes, and men from death defendes.
Myne enterpretation is this: 85 Hee óaufeth fleefing and bars, by death eyelyd vphafping.
This is cleene contrarie too M. Phaer. Hee wryteth, that Mercurye defendeth from death, I wryte that yt procureth death, which (vnder his conrection) dooth more annere too the author his mynd, and top natures woorcking. For yf Mercurye dyd not jlea beefore yt dyd falue, 90 and procurd Jleeping eare yt caujed waking, Nature in her operations ^ would bee founderd, thee fat were in thee fire, thee marcket were mard. Too lyke effect Chauncer bringeth, in thee fift booke, Troilus thus > mourning. Thee owle eeke, which that hight Afcaphylo, 95 Hath after mee fhright al thee je nightes two: And God Mercurye, now of mee woful wreche Thee joule gyde, and when thee list, yt feche.
Againe Virgil in diuerfe places inuejteth luno with this epitheton, Saturnia, M. Phaer ouerpajjeth yt, as yf yt were an idle woord rhuffled
100 in by thee authoure too dam vp thee chappes of yawning ver fes. I neauer, too my remembraunce, omitted yt, as in deede a terme that carieth meate in his mouth, and ƒ0 emphatical, as thee ouerflipping of yt were in effect thee chöcking of thee poet his dijcourfe, in Juche hauking wife, ac yf hee were throtled with the chincoughe. And too
105 inculcat that clauje thee better, where thee marriadge is made in thee fourth booke beetweene Dido and Mneas, I ad in my verfe, Watrye luno, Althogh mijne authour vsd not thee epitheton, Watrye, but only made mention of earth, ayer, and fyere: yeet I am wel affured that woord throughly conceaued of an heedeful ftudent may geeue
110 hym such light, as may eaje hym of Jïx moonethes trauaile: which were wel Jpent, yf that Wedlock were wel vnderstood. Thus Virgil in bis Mneis, and Ouid in his Metamorphojis are jo tickle in Joom places, as they rather craue a conftruction than a trajlation. But yt may bee heere after (yf God wil grace my proceedings) I jhal bee occafioned,
115 in my Fin Couleidos, too vnlace more, of theese myfteries. Which booke I muft bee manye yeeres breedinge: but yf yt bee throughly effected, I Jtand in hoape, yt wyl fal owt too bee gratum opus, not Agricolis, but Philofophis.



Now too coom too theym, that guejh my trauaüe too be eajye, by 120 reajon of thee libertye I had in Englijh woordes (for as I can not deuine vpon Juch bookes, that happlye rouke in Jtudentes mewes, Jo I trust, I offer no man iniurie, yf I ajjume too my selfe thee maydenhed of al wurcks, that hath beene beefore this tyme, in print, too my knowlegde, diuulged in this kind of verse) I wil not greatly wrangle
125 with theym therein: yeet this much they are too conjider, that as thee firjt applinyg of a woord may eaje mee in thee firjt place, Jo perhaps, when I am occajioned too vje thee Jelfe Jame woord els where, I may bee as much hyndered, as at thee beginning I was furthred. For example. In thee firjt verje of Virgil, I mak, jeajon, long in an oother place
130 yt woul steede mee percaje more, yf I made yt Jhort: and yeet I am now tyed too vje yt as long. So that the aduantage that way is not verie great. But as for thee general facilitiee, this much I dare warrant yoong beginners, that when they Jhal haue Joom firme footing in this kind of Poëtrie, which by a litle payneful exercije may bee purchajt,
135 they Jhal find as eajye a veyne in thee Englijh, as in thee Latin verjes, yee and much more eajye than in the Englijh rythmes. Touching myne owne trial, this much I wil dijcoouer. Thee three firjt bokes I trajlated by Jtartes, as my leajure and pleajure would Jerue mee. In thee fourth booke I did tajk my Jelf, and perjued thee matter Joomwhat hoatlie.
140 M. Phaer tooke too thee making of that booke fifteene dayes. I hudled vp myne in ten. Wherein I coouet no prayje, but rather doe craue pardon. Fore lyke as forelittring biches whelp blynd puppies, Jo I may bee perhaps entwighted of more hajte then good Jpeede, as Syr Thomas More in lyke ca Je gybeth at one that made vaunt of certeyn
145 pild verjes clowted vp extrumpere.
Hos quid te jcripjijje mones ex tempore ver jus?
Nam liber hoe loquitur, te reticente, tuus. But too leaue that too thee veredict of oóthers (wherein I craue thee good lyking of thee curteouje, and Jkorne thee controlment of thee
150 currijh, as thoje that vjuallie reprehend mojte, and yeet can amend leajte) thee ods beetweene verfes and rythme is verye great. For in thee one euerye foote, euerye word, euerye jyllable, yea euery letter is too bee objerued: in thee oother thee lajt woord is onlye too bee heeded: As is very liuelye exprejt by thee lawyer in empaneling a iurye.
155 Iohannes Doa: Iohannes Den: Iohannes Hye: (
Richardus Roa: Willielmus Fen: Thomas Pye: 1
Iohannes Myles: Willielmus Neile: Richardus Leake:
Thomas Giles: Iohannes Sneile: Iohannes Peake.
Happlye Juch curious makers, as youre lordjhip is, wyl accompt this
160 but rythme dogrel: but wee may Juite yt wyth a more ciuil woord, by terming yt, rythme peale meale, yt rowles Jo roundlye in thee hyrer
4. Kytcbi» iB :ourtleete.pa£' 1 A.
I



his eares. And are there not diuerje Jkauingers of draftye poëtrye in this oure age, that baft theyre papers wyth fmearie larde Jauoring al too geather of thee frynig pan? What Tom Towly is Jo fimple, that
165 wyl not attempt, too bee a rithmoure? Yf your Lordjhip stand in doubt thereof, what thinck you of thee thick fkyn, that made this for a fare wel for his mystrejje vpon his departure from Abingtowne? Abingtowne, Abingtowne God bee wyth thee: For thou ha/te a fteeple lyke a dagger jheathe.
170 And an oother in thee pray fe not of a fteeple, but of a dagger. When al is goane but thee black jcabbard, Wel foef thee haft wyth thee duggeon dagger.
Thee therd (for I wyl pre Jent your lordjhip wyth a lejhe) in thee commendacion of bacon. 175 Hee is not a king, that weareth fatten, But hee is a king, that eateth bacon.
Haue not theeje men made a fayre Jpeake? If they had put in Mightye loue, and Go.ds in thee plural number, and Venus wyth Cupide thee blynd Boy, al had beene in thee nick, thee rythme had beene of a right
180 Jtamp. For a few Juch Jtiches boch vp oure newe fajshion makers. Prouyded not wythjtanding alwayes that Artaxerxes, al be yt hee bee Jpurgalde, beeing Jo much gallopt, bee placed in thee dedicatorye epiJtle receauing a cuppe of water of a Jwayne, or elles al is not wurth a beane. Good God what a frye of Juch wooden rythmours dooth Jwarme in Jtacio-
185 ners Jhops, who neauer enjtructed in any grammar Jchoole, not atayning too thee paringes of thee Latin or Greeke tsgue, yeet lyke blynd bayards rujh on fofward, fojtring theyre vayne conceites wyth Juch ouerweening Jüly follyes, as they reek not too bee condemned of thee learned for ignorant, Jo they bee commended of thee ignorat for learned.
190 Thee reddyejt way therefore too flap theéje droanes from thee Jweete Jenting hiues of Poëtrye, is for thee learned too applye theym Jelues wholye (yf they be delighted wyth that veyne) too thee true making of verjes in Juch wije as thee Greekes and Latins, thee fathers of khowledge, haue doone; and too leaue too theeje doltijh coyjtrels theyre
195 rude rythming and balducktoom ballads. Too thee Jturring therefor of thee riper, and thee encouraging of thee yonger gentlemen of oure Vniuerfityes I haue taken soö paynes that way, which I thoght good too beetake too youre lordjhip his patronage, beeing of yt Jelf oother wije Jo tender, as happly yt might Jcant endure thee typpe of a
200 frumping pliilhppe. And thus omitting al oother ceremonial complerhètoes beetweene youre lordjhip and mee, I cömit you and youre proceedinges too thee garding and guiding of thee almightie.
From Leiden in Holland thee lajt of Iune. 1582. Youre Lordjhip his loouing broother Richard- Stanyhurst.



TOO THEE LEARNED READER.
In thee objeruatiö of quatitees of Jyllables, Joom happlye wyl bee Jo Jtieflie tyed too thee ordinaunces of thee Latins, as what jhal feeme too Jwarue from theyre maximes, they wyl not Jtick too Jkore vp for errours. In which rejolution Juch curious Prijcianistes dooe attribute 5 greater prerogatiue too thee Latin tögue, than reajon wyl affurd, and lejje libertye too oure language, than nature may permit. For in as much as thee Latïs haue not beene authors of theeje verjes, but traced in thee Jteps of thee Greekes, why Jhould we with thee Jtringes of thee Latin rules cramp oure tongue, more than the Latins doe fetter theyre
10 Jpeeche, as yt were, wyth thee chaynes of thee greeke preceptes. Aljo that nature wyl not permit vs too fajhion oure wordes in al poinctes correjpondent too thee Latinijtes may eajely appeere in Juche termes' as we borrow of theym. For exemple: Thee firjt of, Breuiter, is Jhort, thee firjt of, briefly, wyth vs mujt bee log. Lykewise, forums, is Jhort, yeet,
15 jowning, in Englijh mujt bee long: and much more yf it were, Sounding, as thee ignorant generaly, but faljlye dooe wryte; nay, that where at I woonder more, thee learned trip theyre pènes at this Jtoane, in Jo much as M. Phaer in thee verye firjt verje of Virgil mijtaketh thee woorde, Yeet found and fowne differ as much in Englijh, as folidus
20 and fonus in Latin. Aljo in thee midejt of a woord wee differ Joötymes frö thee Romas. As in Latin wee pronoüce, Ordtor, Auditor, Magtfter, log: in Englijh, Orèttoure, Audïtoure, Magiftrat, Jhort. Lykewije wee pronounce Prceparo, cUptiro, Jhort in Latin, and prepdred and compdred log in Englijh. Agayne thee infalhbelijt rule that thee Latins haue
25 for thee quatitye of middle Jyllables is this. PenuUima acuta producitur, vt virtütis; penultima grauata corripitur, vt fanguïnis. Honour e in Englijh, is Jhort, as with thee Latins: yeet difhonour mujt bee log by thee formoure maxime: which is contrary too an oother groüd of thee Latins, whereby they prejcribe, that thee primatiue and deriuatiue thee jimple
30 and compound bee of one quantitye. But that rule of al oothers mujt be abadoned frö thee Englijh, oother wije al woordes in effect Jhould bee abriged. Moother, I make log. Yeet graüdmother mujt bee Jhort. Buckler, is lög; yeet fwafhbuckler is Jhort. And albeyt that woord bee log by pojitiö, yeet doubtlejje thee natural dialect of Englijh wyl not
35 allow of that rule in middle Jyllables, but yt mujt bee of force with vs . excepted, where thee natural pronuntiation wyl Jo haue yt. For ootherwije wee Jhould bannijh a number of good and necejjarye wordes from oure verjes; as M. Gabriel Haruye (yf I mijtake not thee gentleman his name) hath verye wel objerued in one of his familiar
40 letters: where hee layeth downe diuerje woordes Jtraying frö thee Latin preceptes, as Maiestye, Royaltye, Honeftie, Sr c. And Joothly, too



my Jeeming, yf thee coniunction, And, were made common in Englifh, yt were not amijje, althogh yt bee long by pojition: For thee Romans are greatly aduantaged by theyre woordes, Et, Que, Quoque, Atque:
45 which were they dijioincted from thee Latin poëtrie, many good verjes would bee rauelde and dijmembred, that now cary a good grace among theym, hauing theyre ioynctes knit with theeje copulatiue Jinnewes. But too rip vp further thee peculiar propretye of oure Englifh, let vs liften too Tullye his iudgemët, wherein thogh hee Jeeme verie peremp-
50 torie, yeet, with his fauoure, hee mijheth thee cujhë. Thus in his booke, intituled Orator, hee writeth. Ipfa natura, qua/i moduldretur hominum orationë, in omni verbo pof uit acutam vocem, nee vna plus, nee a pof trema fyllaba citra tertiam. In this Jaying Tullye objerueth three poinctes. Firjt, that by courfe of Nature euerye woord hath an accèt. Next, one
55 only: lajtlye, that thee Jayd acct% mujt be on thee lajt Jyllable, as propè, or on thee lajt Jaluing one, as Virtütis, or at thee furthejt on thee therd syllable, as Omntpotès. Yeet this rule taketh no Juch infallible effect with vs, althogh Tully maketh yt natural, who by thee Jkyl of thee Greek and Latin dyd ayme at oother languages too hym
60 vnknowen, and therefor is too bee borne wythal. As, Peremtorie, is a woord of foure Jyllables, and yeet thee accent is in thee firjt. So Sêcundarie, órdinarie, Mdtrimonie, P&trimonie, Pldnetarie, tmperatiue, Cófmographie, órtography, wyth manye lyke. For althogh thee ignorant pronounce, Impêratiue, Cofmógraphie, Ortógraghy, geeuing thee accent
65 too thee therd Jyllable, yeet that is not thee true Englijh pronuntiation. Now put eaje thee cantel of thee Latin verje (Sapiens dominabitur aftris) were thus Englifhed: Planetary woorekinges thee wijmans vertue repreffeth: albeyt thee middle of planeta bee long with thee Romans, yeet I would not make yt Jcrupulus, too Jhorten yt in Englijh, by
70 reajon thee natural pronoötiatiö would haue yt Jo. For thee final eende of a verje is to pleaje thee eare, which mujt needes bee thee vmpyre of thee woord, and accordTg too that weight oure Jyllables mujt bee poyjed. Wherefor Jyth thee poëtes theymjelues aduouch, Tu nihil inuita facies, dicefue Minerua. That nothing may bee doone or Jpoakë
75 agaynjt nature, and that AH is aljo bound too Jhape yt Jelf by al imitation too Nature: wee mujt requejt theeje grammdtical Precifians, that as euery countrye hath his peculiar law, Jo they permit euerye language too vje his particular loare. For my part I purpoje not too beat on euerye childijh tittle, that concerneth Profodia, neither dooe
80 I vndertake too chalck owt any lines or rules too oothers, but too lay downe too thee reader his view thee cour Je I tooke in this my trauaile. Such woordes as proceede fr5 thee Latin, and bee not altred by oure Englijh, in theym I objerue thee quantitie of thee Latin. As Honest, Honor: a few I excepted, as thee firjt of apeered, auenture, aproched, I



85 make short, althogh they are long in Latin: as Appareo, Aduerno,.
APPropinquo: for which and percaje a few Juch woordes I mujt craue ' pardon of thee curteous reader. For ootherwije yt were lyke ynough that foom grammatical pullet, hacht in Dijpater his Jachel, would ftand clocking aganyjt mee, as thogh hee had foüd an horje: neftin qo laynig that downe for a fait, that perhaps I dooe knowe better then hee Yeet in theeje diriuations of termes I would not bee doomde by euerye reaching herrault, that in roaming wije wyl attempt too fetche thee petit degree of woordes, I know not from what auncetoure. As I make thee firjt of Riuer Jhort. A Wrangier may imagin yt Jhould os bee long, by reajon of Riuus, of which yt Jeemeth too bee denued. And yeet forjooth riuus is but a brooke, and not a riuer. Lykewije soom Englifh woordes may bee read in Joom places long, in Joom Jhort as Ikyeward, feaward, fearowme. Thee difference thereof groweth beecaufe they are but compound woordes that may bee with good zoo Jenfe funderd: and thee lajt of Sea, and Jkye beenig common breedeth that diuerfitie. Also thee Jelf Jame woord may varye beecauje of thee fignification. Thee firjt of Felon for a theeje I make long, but when yt fignifieth thee dijeaje, Jo named, I hold yt better too make yt Jhort. Agavne a woord that is Jhort beeing deuided, may bee long in an 105 oother place contracted. As thee firjt of, Leaues, yf you deuide yt in two fyllables, I make fhort, yf you cotract yt too one fyllabe I make vt long. So thee firft in Crauing is long, and thee therd perfon of thee verb, too wyt, Craues, may feeme fhort, where the next woord foUowmg beginneth with a vocal, yet yt is long by contraction: and fo droerje no lyke woordes are too bee takë. And truely fuch nice obferuations that Grammarians dooe prefcribe are not by thee choyfest poëtes alwayes fo precifelye put in executiö: as in this oure authour I haue by thee vvav marckt. In thee fore front of thee firft booke hee maketh thee firft of Lauinum long. In thee Jame booke hee vfeth yt for fhort. u5 Liiewife dooth he varie thee firft of Sichatus. So in thee therd booke thee mideft of Cychpes foomtyme is made long, foomtyme fhort. And in the fame booke thee coniunction, Que, is long. As Liminaq:, laurujque Dei totufque moueri. And in thee fourth: 120 Cretéfque Driopefque ferunt, pictique Agathyrjt:
Also thee firft of ItaUa is lög: yeet in thee therd book Itahts is fhort. as. Has autem terras, Italique hanc littoris oram.
Touching the termination of fyUables, I made a profodta too my Jeite fquaring foomwhat from thee Latin: in this wife. 125 A finita communia. B. D. T. Breuia: yeet theefe woordes that eende lyke dipthSges are common: as mouth, fouth, &c C. common. E. coJnon: yf yTbee fhort, I wryte yt vfualj^ vvith a^ Jingle^E as the me. yf lög vvith two, as thee, mee. althogh I would not wifh



thee quantitie of fyllables too depend fo much vpon thee gaze of
135 thee eye, as thee cenfure of thee eare. F. breuia. G. breuia: foomtyme long by pofitio where D may bee enterferted, as paf (age is fhort, but yf you make yt long, paffadge with, D. would bee written, albeyt, as I fayd right now, thee eare not ortographie muft decyde thee quantitye, as neere as is poffible. I. cömon. K. cornmö. L. breuia,
140 preter Hebrea, vt Michaël, Gabriel. N. breuia, yeet woordes eending in dipthögwife would bee cömon, as playne, fayne, fwayne. O. cömon, pratter 6 longü. P. breu. R. Breu. except woordes eending lyke dipthonges that may bee cömon, as youre, oure, houre, (oure, fuccour, &c. As & Es comon. Is breu. Os cömon. Vs breu. V. common. As for M.
z45 yt is either long by pofition, or els clipt, yf thee next woord begyn with a vocal: as fame, name: for albeyt. E. bee thee laft letter, that muft not falue. M. from accurtation, beecaufe in thee eare M. is thee laft letter, and E dooth noght els but lenghë and mollifye thee pronountiatiö. Asfor I. Y. W. in as much as they are moungrels,
150 foomtyme confonates, foomtyme vocals, where they further I dooe not reiect theym, where they hinder, I doe not greatlye weigh theym. As thee middle of folowing I make fhort, notwythftanding thee VV: and lykwife thee firft of power. But where a cöfonat immediatly followeth thee VV, I make yt alwayes lög as fowling. This much I thoght
*55 good too acquaynt thee gentle reader wythal, rather too difcoouer, wyth what priuat preceptes I haue embayed my verfes, theu too publifh a directorye too thee learned who in theyre trauayls may franckly vfe theyre owne difcretiö, wythowt my direction.



THE FIRST BOOKE OF VIRGIL HIS ^NEIS
I that in old jeajon wyth reeds oten harmonye whistled My rural jonnet; from forrest flitted (I) for eed ■ Thee fulckïg fwincker thee foyle, thoghe craggie, to funder. A labor and a trauaile too plowjwayns hertelye welcoö. 5 Now mahod and garbroyls I chaunt, and martial horror. I blaze thee captayne firft from Troy cittye repairing, Lyke wandring pilgrim too famofed Italië trudging, And coaft of Lauyn: fouft wyth tempeftuus hurlwynd, On land and fayling, bi Gods predeftinat order: 10 But chiefe through Iunoes long fostred deadlye reuengment. Martyred in battayls, ere towne could ftatelye be buylded, Or Gods theare fetled: thence flitted thee Latin offprmg, Thee roote of old Alhan: thence was Rome peerdes mhaunced. My mufe fhew the reafon, what grudge or what furye kendled 15 Of Gods thee Princeffe, through fo curjd mifcheuus hatred, Wyth fharp fundrye perils too tugge fo famus a captayne. Such festred rancoure doo Sayncts celeftial harbour?
A long buylt citty theare ftood, Carthago fo named, From the mouth of Tybris, from land eke of Italye feauerd, 20 Pojjejt wyth Tyrians, in ftreingh and ritches aboundmg, Theare luno, thee Princes her Empyrewholye repojed, Her Santos owtcasting, heere fhee dyd her ar many e jettle, And warlick chariots, heere chiefly her ioyhtye raigned. This towne fhee labored too make thee gorgeus empreffe, 25 Of towns and regions, her drift yf deftenye furthred But this her hole meaning a fouthfayd my/terie letted That from thee Troians jhould branch a lineal offprmg, Which would thee Tyrian turrets quite batter a funder, And Libye land lykewife wyth warlick victorye conquoure. 30 Thus loa bye continuance thee naues of fortun ar attred. This luno fearing, and old broyls bluddye recounting, Vfd by her Greeke fauorits, that Troian cittye reprejjed, Her rancour canckred fhee can not let to remember, And Paris his {coming iudgement dooth burne tn her entrayls.



35 Shee fouts, that Ganymed by loue too jkitop is hoyjed. Shee bears that kinred, that fept vnmerciful hatred. Wyth theeje coals kendled fhee foght al pofjibil engins In furging billows too touze thee coompanie Troian. Al the frujhe and leauings of Greeks, of wrathful Achilles; 40 Through this wyde roaming thee Troians Italy mijhing
Ful manye yeers wandred, stil crojt with dejtenye backward. Such trauail in planting thee Romans auncetrye claymed.
Tward Sicil Ijle fcantly thee Troian nauye dyd enter, And the fea falte foaming wyth braue flantadoe dyd ha'rrow 45 When that luno Gode/je thee fuid moft deadlye reuoluing
Thus to her felf mumbled: jhal I haue my purpoje vnaunjwerd? Or fhal I this Troian too feize thus on Italy e juffer? Forfoth I ftand letted by fats: and clarcklye recounted. As thogh that Polios could not bee fullye reuenged, 50 Thee Greekfleete fcorching, thee Greekifh coompanye drownmg: And for on hts faulty practife, for madnes of Aiax? This Queene wyld lightninges from clowds of Iuppiter hurling Downe fwafht theyre nauy, thee fwelling furges vphaling. Thee pactent panting fhee thumpt and launft wyth a fyrebolt, 55 And wythal his carcaffe on rockifh pinnacle hanged.
And fhal I then luno, of Saincts al thee Princes abyding, Both the wife and fifter too peereleffe Iuppiter holden, In fo great a feafon wyth one od pild countrey be warring? If this geare cotten, what wight wyl yeelde to myn aulters 60 Brtght honor and Sacrifice, wyth rits my per jon adoring? Thus fhe frying fretted, thus deepely plunged in anger Moltan kingdoom fhee raught; where bktfterus huzing Of wynds in Prifon thee great king Molus hamfreth. Theefe flaws theyre cabbans wyth ftur fnar iarrye doe ranfack 65 Greedelye defyring too rang: king Molus, highly In ca/tel jetled, theyre strief dooth pacifie wijely. But for this managing, a great hurly burlye the wyndblafts Would keepe on al mayne/eas and lands wyth woonderus humbling Thee father almighty this mifchiefe warelye doubting 70 Mewd vp theefe reueiers couft in ftrong dungeon hilli/h, And a king he placed, throgh whofe Maiestical Empyr'e Theefe blafts rouze forward, or back by his regal apoinctment. Toothts prmcelye regent her fuit ladie luno thus opned. Molus (m fo much as of mankind the Emperor heaunlye 75 And father of thee Gods too thee the auctoritye figned Too fwage feas furging, or raife by blusterus hüffling) Thee water of Tyrrhen my foes wyth nauye doe trauerfe:



tZ theere molt faythful through eendies jeaon abyding Through thy freendlye trauaile mee dooth king Iuppter algats
flntTo TroiaL 6 thrije most nobil or hapfye
sr^w £ w ré se*
r li Z Simois wyth fouldours carcafes harboure. In water of f^'^W ' nofthm Uuiter aproching This kyrye ad folfing^ 'waJ\phoy\ing. Thee ayls tears tag rag, to from ruther vnha ted
u Zs of mms foom fhips wyth danger ar hanging. Sol fynck too boLms, fulcking thee furges aunder. ThTe Inds are mounted: thee fouthwynd merctleseager I20 TtJe gÏant ve/fels on rocks gnawne craggye repofed,



(Theeje rancks the Italian dwellers doo nominat altars) Lykewije three vej/els the^ east blast ful mightelye whelmed In fonds quick jouping '(a jight to be deepelye bewayled) One jhip that Lycius dyd jhrowd with faythful Orontes 125 In jight of captayne was jwajht wyth a royfterus heapeflud. Downè the pilot tumbleth wyth plajh round foommoned headlong Thrife the grauel thwmping in whirkpoole plunged is hooueld Soom wights vpfloating on raifd fea wyth armor apeered. In foame froth picturs, wyth Troian treafur, ar vpborne. 130 Aljo wher Ilionus was fhipt, where man ful Achates And what veffel Abas poffeft and aged Alethes Were bulchti by billows «nd boorde by forcibil entrye: Thee ftorme dyd conquoure, thee fhips fcant weaklye refifted. Theefe vnrulye reuels, and rif rafs wholye difordred, 135 As broyl vnexfpected, thee fea king Neptun awaked. Sturd wyth theefe motions, his pleafing pallet vpheauing Hee noted Mneas his touzdtojt nauye to wonder, And fees thee Troians wyth feas and rayne water heaped, This spightful pageaunt of his owne fyb luno remembring,
140 Thee wynds hee fummond: and wroth woords ftatelye thus vfed. What fyrs? your boldneffe dooth your gentilitie warrant? Dare ye loa, curft baretours, in this my Segnorie regal, Too raife fuch raks taks on feas, and danger vnorderd? Wel fyrs: but tempeft I wyl firft pacifie raging.
145 Bee fure, this practife wil I nick in a freendlye memento. Pack hence doggye rakhels, tel your king, from me, this errand. Of feas thee managing was neauer alotted his empire. That charge mee toucheth: but he mayftreth monsterus hildens, Youre kennels, good fyrs: let your king Molus hautye
150 Execut his ruling in your deepe dungeon hardlye.
Thus fayd, at a twinckling thee fwelling furges he calmed Thee clowds hee fcatterd, and cleere beams junnye recalled. Cymofhöe and triton on fteepe rock jetled ar haling Thee /hips from danger: with forck king Neptun is ayding.
155 Hee balcks thee quickfands, and fluds dooth mollefye fweetty, Hee glyds on the feafroth, with wheales of gould wagon, eajye. In mydft of the pepil much lyke to a mutenye rayfed Where barcks lyke bandogs thee raf kal multitud angry, Now ftoans and fyrebrands fUmdge owt, furye weapon awardeth:
160 In this blooddye riot they {oom grauet haplye beholding Of geafon pietee, doo throng and greedelye liften. Hee tantes with fugred fpeeches theyre boyfterus anger. In lykewije. Neptun thee God, no jooner apeered
5



In coche: when billows their e /welling ranckor abated. 165 Thee weather hackt Troians to the next fhoare fpeedely posting On Libye coa/t lighted: where they theire nauye repofed.
Theare ftands far ftretching a nouke vplandifh: an Ijlana Theare feat, with crabknob fkrude ftoans hath framed an hauen. This creeke with running paffadge thee channel tnhaunteth. x7o Heere doe lye wyde fcatterd and theare cliues loftelyefteammg, And a brace of menacing ragd rocks fkymounted abydeth. Vnder hauing cabbans, where jeas doo.flitter tn arches With woods and thickets clofe coucht they be clothed al vfward. A cel or a cabban by nature formed, is vnder, 175 Frefhe bubling fountayns andftoanfeats carued ar mward: Of Nymphes thee Nunry, wheere fea toft nauye remaynmg Needsnot too grappie thee fonds with flooke of an anchor. Hither hath Mneas with feaun fhips gladlye repayred. On fands from ve/fels dooth jkippe thee coompanye cheereful, 180 Pruning theyre bodyees, that feas erst ternbil harmed.
Firft on flint fmiting foorn fparcklinges fprtnckled Achates, In fpunck or tinder thee quick fyre he kindly receaued. With sprigs dry wythered thee flame was nooumfhed aptly. Foorth do they lay vittayls, with ftorme diffeafoned heauy. 185 Theyre corne in quemstoans thye doe grind and toste yt on embers In the while Mneas too rock crept loftye, beholdmg In the fea far ftretching yf that knight Antheus hapiye, Were frufht, or remanent fo Troian nauye wer hulling: Or Capis, or the armours high picht of manlye Catcus. . iqo No fhips thence he fcried, but three ftags fturdye wer vnder Neere the feacost gaiing, theym flot thee clusterus heerdflock In greene frith browfing: ftil he ftands and fnaicheth his arrows And bowbent fharpiy, from kind and~faythful Achates: Chiefe ftags vpbearing croches high from the anther hauted 105 On trees ftronglye fraying, with fhaft hee stabd to the noombles Throgh fels and trenches thee chafe thee coompanye tracked Theyre blodes they brandifht, and keene prages goared tn entrayls Of stags feun migty; with fhips thee number is eeuened^ With this good venery to the rood thee captayn aproched 200 And to his companions thee kild ftags equalye forted. With wyne theire venifon was fwyld, that Nobil Acestes In fhore Trinacrian bestowd with liberal offer. Theefe pipes Mneas then among thee coompany broched And with theefe fpeeches theyre myndes thus he cherrifhed hautlye 205 O deere companions (for we erft haue tasted 0 hardnes) 5 Brawnd with woorfe venturs, thee mightye God alfoe fhal eend this



Through Steil his raging wyld frets and rumbolo rujtling On peeres you jayled, through Cychps dangerus helcaue. On with a frejh courradge, and bace thoghts fearful abandon.
210 Of peril efcaped much fhal thee vearye remembraunce
Tickle vs in telling: through juch fharp changeable hazards And doubtful dangers, oure courfe tward Italye bending, Wee muft rufh forward: oure feat theare deftenye pitcheth. Theare muft thee kingdoom with Troian fame be reuiued.
215 Stand ye to your tacklings: and wayt for profperus eendings. Thus did he fpeake manly, with great cares heauely loaden, His grief deepe fquatting hoap he yeelds with phijnomye cheereful. They doe plye theire commons, lyke quick and greedye repaftours Thee ftags vpbreaking they flit to the dulcet or inchepyn.
220 Soom doe flife owt collops on fpits yeet quirilye trembling, Soom doe fet on caldrons, oothers dooe kendel a bauen. With food they fummond theyre force: and coucht in a meddow Theyre panch with venifon they franck and quaffye caroufing, When famin had parted, the tdbils eeke wholye remooued,
225 They theire lost feloes with long talck greedye requyred.
With feare good coomfort mingling: yf jo haplye they liued,
Or that their liues thee tempejt bitter had eended.
But chiefly JEneas dyd wayle for manfül Orontes
And for knight Amicus, thee fats ek al heauyè reuoluing
230 Of Lycus and of fturdye Gyan, with woorthye Cloanthus.
N ow the eende neere ftreched; from feat when Iuppiter heunly Thee feas, thee regions and eeche place worldlye béholding, On Lybye land lastly fixt his celeftial eyejight. And thus as he mufed, with tears Venus heauy e beblubberd
235 Preft foorth in prefence, and whimpring framed her er rand. O God ntoft pufiaunt, whofe mighty auctoritye lafting Ruls gods, and mankind fkeareth with thunderus humbling: What fyn hath Mneas, my brat, committed agaynst the? What doe the poore Troians? who with fel boucherye flaghterd
240 For bending paffadge to the promifed Italye, therefor No worldly corner can theym fecuritye warrant. You to me ful promift, eare that yeers fundrye wer eended, That Roman famely jhould jpring from the auncetrye Troian, By whom thee worldly coompas fhould wholye be ruled.
245 Wherefor (mightye father) what dooth thy phanfye thus alter? I tooke (oom coomfort, when Troy was latelye repreffed, With futur hap coomming, past fortun vnhappye requiting. And yeet theefe wretched vagabunds hard deftenye fcourgeth When fhal (Prince pufiant) theefe dangers dryrye be canceld?



2<o Antenor was habil, from Grekifh coompanye flmcking
Too paffe through Greceland faulfly to Lyburnical empyre. Allo to thee fontayn welffring of woorthye Timauus. Where through nyne channels with mountayns murmerushurnng Rough the lea floas forward, thee land with fnarnoife enhaunting 2« Heere notwith/tanding this foimder buylded a cittye That Padua is cleaped, too linnadge Troian alotted And arms of Troytowne bearing: there he faufie doth harboure. Wee Zat ar of kinred too the, and haft fhrindm Olympus, Oure fhips are whelmed through ons implacabil anger. 260 (A püiful reckning) we ar touzd, and from [fye]eaz™. Is this your daughters ritche dowry? her jtMihed empire?
Thee prince of mankind, father of Gods mirrelye fimpnng Lvk when he thee tempeft with cheereful phifnomye colmeth, Buk his prütye parat prating, and mildlye thus aunfwerd. 265 Feare ye not (6 darling) on thy fyde deftenye runneth. Thee Roman townewais thow /halt fee loftelye rayfed, And thy fun Mneas his glittring glorye to luster This much I determyn, my mind no partye fhal otter, Thy child Mneas (for /** fuch care the doth angmfh, 270 Thee fates clofe coouerd I wyl to the piaynelye fet open) Thy im, I lay, valiant (hd foster in Italy garboyls Strong ónd lturddye pepil with wars and mctorye tramphng. Theare fhal he buyld cittyes, and theare laws ciuil enactmg, VntyiZee fummlrs fhal coomfos his hudge Lauyn empyre: 275 And the Rutils conquourd, three wynters /tormye be glyding. But thy fun Afconius, which is eeke furnamed luim (Bus he was termed, whilst stood the great Ihan emj>yre) Hee Ihai bee the regent, vntil yeers thirtye be flitted, FomlelLn kingdoom the state and thee chiefty remoouing: 280 And with thick bulwarck fhal he fence thee rampired
Heere thre hundred wynters fhal ratgne knight Hector his offprmg, By Mars fyrye fatherd twyns tyl the Queene Ilia gender, Romulus in forreft of wulues dugge nurnfhed eager IZ take thel regiment, and towne wals I^J™*£* 28S Of Rome, thee Romans of his owne name Romulus, hightmg. This rule thus fixed no tyme fhal limit, or hazard: Endles I do graunt yt: nay further luno fel harted Tteefeas, thee regions, thee fkies fo M^rgf' Shal cut of al quarrels, and with mee newlye hal enter 200 In leage. with Romans, and gowne/ept charelye Under 9 Theefe thus ar eftahlilht. Theare fhal cum a feafon heraft r Wh n thee fayd famely fhal crufh Greeks fegnorye throughly.



Thee' Troian Cos far fhal fpire frö this auneetrye regal, His rule too Garamants, too stars his gtorye rebounding 295 Iulius of valer us ■princely fumamed lulus.
Thow fhalt hym fettle, with his eaft spoyls fraighted, in heunfeat, Whom with relligious good vows fhal magnifye diuerfe. * l .'<• , Thee world fhal be quiet, then fhal broyls bluddye be finnifht. Then ptayne found dealing with laws of woorthye Quirinus 300 And Remus, his broother, thee Roman cittye fhal order. Thee gates of warfare wyl then bee mannacled hardly With steele bunch chayne knob, clingd, knurd, and narrolye lincked. Heere within al ftorming fhal Mars bee jetled on armoure With braffe knots hundred crumpled; with fweld furor haggifh 305 Lyke bandog grinning, with gnafh tujk greeddye fnarring.
Thus fayd: he foorth posted (by May bornej Mercurye downeward That new buylt Carthage jhould hou je thee Troian afemblye. Hee jlitters fwiftly with wynges ful fledgye beplumed On Libyeiland feizing: ther he foone perfourmeth his erraund. 310 Thee Moors are fweetned by Gods forwarned apoinctement,
But chief of al Dido, thee Queene, was wroght to the Troians. But the good Mneas in night with care great awaked With Phcebus rijing vpgot, too ferret al vncooth Nouks of ftrang country, in what coast his nauye doth harboure? 315 If men, of yf fauadge wyld beastes ther in onlye doe pasture. For ther he no tiüagde dyd find: thus was he rejolued. And what he difcoouerd, too tel to the coompanye flaüy. His fhips hee kenneld neere forreft vnder an angle Of rock deepe dented, fhaded with thickleaued arbours. 320 Hee walcks on priuat with noane but faythful Achates Darts two foorth bringing with fharp fteele forcibil headed. In the myd of forrest as he gods, his moother aprocheth, In weed eke in vifage lyke a Spartan virgin in armour Or lyke to Herpalicee, jweeft Queene, fteeds ftrong ouerambling, 325 Which doth in her running furpas thee fwift flud of Hebrus. Shee bare on her fhoulders her bow bent aptlye lyke huntreffe; Downe to the wynd tracing trayld her difcheaueled hearlocks; Tuckt to the knee naked: thus first fhee forged her ei-rand. Ho fyrs, perceaud you soom mayden coompany stragling, 330 Of my deere fisters with quiuer clofélye begyrded
Rearing with fhoutcry foom boare, foom fanglier ougly?
So Venus: and to Venus thee joon thus turned his aunjwer.
We hard of no jhowting, too jight no fifter apered. ö to the, fayre, Virgin, what terme may rightlye be fitted? 335 Thy tongue, thy vifadge no mortal frayttye refembleth.



Thart Nó doubt, a Godeffe, too Phcebus lister, or arcted Too Nymphs in kynred: to the lafting glorye be graunted. Smooth this craggye trauayl: tel what celefttal harbour Coompafeth our perfons: theefe men, this countrye we know not. 340 Vs to this od corner thee wynd tempeftuus hurled. This tilt fhal facrifice great flocks on thy facred altars.
Then Venus: I daigne not my /elf wurth juich honor heunly. Of Tyrian virgins too weare thus a quiuer is vfed. And to go thus thynly with wrapt vp purpil atyred. 345 Thow feeft large Affrick, thee Moores, and Towne of Agenor, Thee Libye landmarckmears: a country manful tn armoure. In this coaft Dido, from her broother flitted, ts empreffe. Tedius in telling and long were the iniurye Mal: Chief poyncts I purpofe too touche with fummarye fhortneffe. 350 Her fpoufe Sichaus was namd, too no man vnequal In lands, her dandling with feruent paffion hoatly. Her father in wedlock took to hym this virgtn vnharmed.. But then her owne broother was by right fetled tn empyre, Pygmalion named: thee finck and puddil of hateful oet And furioufe cutthrots: Hee murthred felly Stchceus With gould looue blynded iumf at thee confecrat altars. Of lifters freendjhip reckning: thee murther he whusted, His fyb in her mourning with long coynd forgerye feeding. But loa the proper image of corps vntumbed apeered 360 In dreame too Dido; with pale wan phifnomye ftarmg. His breft he vncloafed, thee wound, and bluddyful altars. Thence to flit hee wild her, not long in countrye remayning Tward her coftlye viadge his wief to hyd treafur he poincUd, Where the vnknowne ingots of gould and ftluer abounded. 365 Dido fo wel fornifht too flee with coompanye posteth Such folck as the tyrant purfude with vengeabtl hatred, Or feard his regiment in thronging clufter afembled. They fnach fuch veffels that then were rigd to be fayltng Pigmalions riches was fhipt, that pinchefeny boucher. T70 And of this valiant attempt a woomman ts authreffe 7 Theare they were enfhoared, wheare thow fhalt fhortlye fe townwals, And citty vpfoaring of new Carthago to fkytc-ppe. Thee plat they purchaft, that place first Byrfa they cleaped And fo much as a bulhyd could coompas craftelye gettrng m But fyrs, whence coom you? what wights? or too what abydtng Countrye do you purpofe too paffe? Thee capteyn amazed And fobs deepe fetchmg, with jight ful fadlye thus aunfwerd. O gay Godeffe luftringe yf I made to the largelye rectttu,



Or that of oure troubles you would to the' fummarye listen, 380 Thee night thee funbeams would fhrowd in clafped Olympus. Wee coom from Troytowne (of Troy feat yf haplye the rumoure Youre ears hath tinckled) late a tempest boyfterusjhaggard Oure fhips to Libye land with rough extremitye tilted. I am kind Mnects, from foes thee fnatcher of houfgods 385 Stowd in my veffels: in fkyes my gloryejdoth harboure. Land I feek Italian: from loue my pettegrye buddeth. I made from Troytowne with veffels twentye to feaward, My dam myghtye Godeffe gyding, I my deftenye tracked. Rockt with foure bluftring jeaun fhips ar fcantlye recoouerd 390 i" lyke a poore pilgrim throgh defert angle of Affrick Wander, thruft from Afian regions and fortunat Europ.
Heere Venus embarring his tale thus fweetlye replyed. What wight thwart, doubtleffe thee gods al greatlye doe tender Thy ftate, neere Tyrian citty jo lucklye to iumble. 395 Hence take thy paffadge, to the Queenes court princelye be trudging. Theare thy coompanions with battred nauye be landed, With flaws crufht ruffling, with north blaft canuafed hurring. Thus ftand thy recknings, vnleffe me myn augurye fayleth. Marck loa, fe wel yoonder fwans twelue in coompany flu/3hing 400 And the fkytip percing, enchast with a murtherus eagel Swift doe fle too landward, on ground al preft to be feazed. As theefe birds feazed, theyre wyngs with iolitye flapping, Sweepe the fkye, with gladnes theyre creaking harmonye gagling, Eunfo thye companions, or now with faulftye be fhoared, 405 Or, voyd of al danger, theyre fhips are grafypled at anchor.
Speedelye bee packing, keep on hardlye the playne beaten highway.
This jayd fhee turned with rofe color heaunlye beglittred. Her locks lyke Nectar perfumes fweet melloe relinquifht. Her trayne fyd flagging lyke wyde fpread Conopye trayled. 410 Her whifk fhewd Deity, hee finding his moother, in anger Chauffing; thee fugitiue with theefe woords fharplye reprooued.
What do ye meane (moother) with an elf f how, vaynelye thus often Youre foon too iuggle? why oure hands both clafpe we not hardly? Why do we not playnely good fpeeches mutual vtter? 415 Tward citty trauayling thus he blames her forgerye mafked. But Venus enfhrowds theym with a thick fog palpabil ayrye, Vnfeen of eeche perfon by fleight inuifibil armed: Leaft foom theyre paffadge with curius article hyndring Would learne, whence they trauayld? Too what coaft ar they repayring? 420 Shee to her loftye Paphos with gladneffe myrrye returneth:
Wheare ftands her temple with an hundred confecrat altars; '



Smoaking with the encenfe; the loa pauement jenteth of herbflowrs.
In thee meane feafon they doe paffe directlye to towneward They trip too mountayns high typ, thee cittye but vnder 425 Marcking; thee caftels and turrets statelye beholding. Mneas woondreth; where dorps and cottages earft ftood, For to fe juch fturring, fuch stuffe, fuch gorgeus handwoorck. Thee Moors drudge roundly; foom wals are loftelye rayfing; Soom mount high castels; foom ftoans downe tumble al headlong; 430 Soom mearefurth platfoorms, for buylding curius houfes; Soom dooe choofe the Senat, found laws and order enacting; Soom frame play theaters; foom deepelye dig harborus hauens; Soom for great palaces doojlife from quarrye the chapters. Lyke hees in fummar feafon, through ruftical hamiets 435 That flirt in foonbeams, and toyle with mutterus humbling.
When they do foorth carry theyre yoong f warme fledggie to gathring: Or cels ar farcing with dulce and delicat hoonnye: Or porters burdens vnloads, or clustred in heerdfwarme Feaze away thee droane bees with fting, from maunger, or hiuecot, 440 Thee labor hoof jweltreth: thee combs tyme flowrye be fprinckleth. O wights most blejjed, whoje wals be thus happelye touring Mneas vttred: thee towne top jharplye beholding. Hee throngs in jhryne clowd (a jtrang and meruelus ordner) Through crowds of the pepil, not feene, nor marcked of annye. 445 In towns myd center theart fprouted a groauecrop, in arbours Greene weede thick fhaded, wheare Moors from furge water angry Parted, a good token dyd find: for luno, the Princeffe, Theare the pate, in digging, of an horfe intractabil vttred. Thee wife diuined, by this prognosticat horfhead, 450 That Moors wyde conquejt fhould gayne with vittayl abundant. Heere to luno Godefje thee Princejje Dido dyd offer A fayre buylt temple, with treafurerritchlye replennifht. Thee ftayrs braffye grif es ftately prefented, here alfo Thee beams with brazed copper were coftlye bepounced. 455 And gates with the metal dooe creake in fhrilbated harfhmg. In this greene frithcops a new fight newly repreffed Long feareful dangers: Mneas frefhlye beginneth For to raife his courradge: his fharp aduerfitye treading, For whilft in temple corners hee gogled his eyefight 460 Wayting for Dido; the ft at of thee cittye beholding,
Whilft craftmens coonning hee marckt with woonder amazed, Hee fpied on fuddeyn thee conflicts Troian al ordred, And that theire bickrings al foyls haue coompajed earthly. Heejeeth Atrides, Priamus, to both hurtful Achüles.



465 Fasthe ftood: and trickling dyd speake: what nouke (jyr Achates) In world what region do not our toyls liuelye remember? Loa the, je king Priamus; joom crooms of glorye be rejting Soom tears this monument and foom compaffion afketh. Pluck vp a good curradge? this fame foom faulftye wyl offer 470 Thus fayd, his hert throbbing with vayne dead pictur he feedeth(sroane fighs deepe reaching with tears his lyers ful he blubbred. Hee fees with baretours Troy wals inuironed hardly; Heere Greeks fwifttye fleing, theym Troiyouths coompanye crufhing lheare gad thee Troidns: in coach runs helmed Achilles 475 Hee weeps alfo, feing flags whü, with Rhefus his holding In fleepe, whom napping, Tydides blooddye betrayed, His fierce steeds leading to the camp, er al hungrye they grafed On Troian pafturs, or Xanth ftream gredelye bibled. Troüus hee marcked running, deuefted of armour: 480 A luckleffe ftripiing, not a matche too coafe with Achilles:
With steeds he is fwinged, downe picht in his hudge wagon emftye Ihee rayns yeet griping: his neck and locks fal a /weeping Thee ground, his launce ftaffe thee duft tof turuye doth harrow In thee meane feafon Troy dames too temple aproched 485 Of fretting Polios, with locks vntreffed al hanging
With grief meeklye praying, with breaft knocks humblye requesting Ihee Godes hard louring to the ground her phifnomye drowped Theare thrife about Troywals with fpight knight Hector is haïed tor gould hts carcaffe was Jold by .the broker Achilles 490 Heere fighs and fobbing from breft vp he mightelye rooted, Thus too fee the wagon, thee fpoyl, the vnfortunat ending' Of deere companion, thee lyke ears alfo doe fting hym, For to Je king Priamus, with his hands owtstreched, vnarmed Hymfelf hee marcked combynd with Greekifh afemblye 495 Hee noted Indye pepil, with fwart black Memnon his armye.
Theare wear Amazonical woommen with targat, an haulfmoone Lykning, conducted by frantiek Penthefilêa, No fwarms or trouping hor f men can apale the virago, Her dug with platted gould rybband girded about her. 500 A baratreffe, daring with men, tkogh a mayd, to be buckling. Whilft prince Mneas theefe picturs woonderus heeded And eeche fane throghly with ftedfaft phifnomye marcked Too churche Queene Dido, thee pearle of bewtye, repayred: Of Ituely yoonckers with a galland coompanye garded. 505 In Cynthus f arrest much lyk too fwift flud of Eurot
Where Nymfhs a thowfand do frifk with Princelye Diana On back her quiuer fhee bears, and highlye the remnaunt



Of Nymphs furpafiing with talright quantitye mounttng. Too'fe this, her fpirit with f eer et gladnes aboundeth. 510 Such was Dido ioying, fo fhe with regahtye paffed,
With Princely prefence thee wurekmg coompanye cheenng. In thegate of the Godeffe fhee fyts, neere temple his arches In chayre ftately throned, with cluftring gamfon armed Shee frams firmlye ftatuts, and tafk wureks equalye parteth. <K Or toyls too pioners by drawcut lotterye forteth Now fees Mneas with a crowding fudden afemblye Antheus and alfo Sergeftus, doughtye Cloanthus And oother Troians with rough feas ftormye befweltred, Too foyl vnacquaynted by tempeft hornblye pelted 520 Hee ftands aftonyed, so woondreth lykwife Achates: 5 For to fhakhands freendly fear bars, now gladnes on haleth. But the cafe vnwytted theym Iets, thearfor they refolued, With darek clowd fhaded, too learne theyr 1™™ ™TZ of haltnmg Wheare ryde theyre veffels? why they coom? what eaus is of haftning For they the piekt ehoifemen dyd cul from nauye, requeftmg Mercye, to the temple trotting with meruelus houling When they wer in prefence, of pleading pardon afurded, Then the braue Ilionus thus ftout deliured his errana. 0 Queene moft pufiaunt, too whom king Iuppiter heunly 53o Too raife a new citty, by rare felicüye graunted
And to rule a countrey, with [cepter of equitye, fturdy Wee caytiefe Troians, with ftorms ventofitye mangled, Doo orlue thee (Princeffe) from flams oure nauye to guerdon. Yeeld Pvtye, graunt mercy; fhwrs of gentüitye pardon 535 Forwehliel fayld not, thee Moors with an armye to vanquifh, Or from their region with prede too gather an heard lock. Such valerus coorradge rarely men conquered h^nteth Theare stands a region, by Greeke oards HefP'rye named, A wel known countrey, for ftrong and plenttfui\ ^ldenf 540 Theare dwelt th'Oenotrians; but in oure adge Italye deaped, 54 So namd of captayn: too this braue countrye we mynded Too bend oure iourney. . But with a flaw fuddeyn chauffing ftormbringer Onon Spurnt vs too the waters: then jootherne f^jfj^^ 545 Flundge vs on high fhelueflats, to the rocks vs he buffet^ after. 545 Heere then a poore remnaunt in this thy fegnorye land d. What fel beastlye pepil reft heer? fuch barbarus vfadge What foyle wyld fofters? On fonds they renounce vs an harboure. Thet dZ by7vs blttayl, fro the fhoare ^^Thl^nZg 550 If ye doe fkome mankind, and eeche wight mortal his harmmg,



Let Gods fharp luftice in joom fort yeet be remembred,
Oure king Mneas vs ruld, who for equitye rightful
Euerye man owtpaffed, for feats and martial armoure.
If this prince matchlefje no mortal deftenye daunted, 555 But yet is in breathing, from tempeft faulflye recoouerd:
Firft begin a freendfhippe, for he wyl make fullye requital.
In Sicil eek region fayre townefhips fundrye be fetted:
In that od Ijle raigneth, from Troyblud fpjrtjed, Aceftes.
Graunt foorth thy warrant in docks oure nauye toe fettle: 560 Graunt plancks from forreft too clowt oure battered inlecks;
That we our king meeting may paffe tward Italye fayling.
If Libye feas raging the liefe of this captayn haue eended,
If no good coomfort dooth reft of nobil Iulus:
Suffer vs at leajtwife, with iagged nauye retyring 565 To Sicil oure paffadge too bend, too famus Aceftes.
This /pêche had Ilionus: that jong his coompanye chaunted.
Brieflye then heere Dido, with downe caft phifnomye, parled.
Reft ye quiet, Troians, your thoghts from danger abandon.
In great fundrye peryls, my ftate /et rawlye me jtreineth , 570 Too keepe thus the feacoajt with ward and garrifon heedeful.
Who doe not Mneas, or Troian cittye remember?
Theire valor and courradge, theyre fyrebrand glorius onfets ?
Wee Moors, lyke dullards, are not fo wyttes abyding,
Nor Phebe from oure citty dooth fo far funder his horfes. 575 Yf ye be determynd, too fayl to old Italye Saturne,
Or to Sicil backward to the king, right nobil, Acestes,
Ile ye man, efquipping youre fhips with furniture aptlye.
Or wyl you foiourne in this my feminin empyre?
In towne you denifons I do make: let nauye be docked. 580 Troians and Tyrians I wyl with one equitye meafure.
Would God your captayn with footherne blastpuf inhurled
Heere made his arriual; but a watch tward mouth of eche hauen
Speedelye fhal be placed, your chieftayn woorthye to ferret:
Wheather he through forreft dooth range, or wandreth in hamiets. 585 This princelye promij je boldning both manful Achates
And father Mneas, thee clowd with greedines eager
Too cleane they coouet: to Mneas thus first fayd Achates. Thow fun of heunlye Godeffe, how ftands thy phanfye refolued?
Thow feeft al cockfure, thy fleete, thy coompanye falued. 590 One fhip is only abjent, that in oure fight fanckt to the bottom.
Thy moothers prophecy to the remnaunt fitlye doth aunfwere. Scant had he thus jpóken, when clowd theym drofiye relinquifht,
And from earthly thickneffe, too thinneffe vannifhed ayerye.



Theare ftud vp Mneas, with glittring beautye redowntng 505 Godlyke in his feauture: for his heunly moother amended His bufh with trimming, his fight was yoouthlye bepurpled: His looke fweete fimpred, much lyke to the pulhfhed luerye By crafts hand burnifht: or with Phce.be filuer tnameld: Or touch stoane brazed with deepe gould purelye reftned. 600 Hee then vnexfpected to the Queene thus brauelye replyed Heere do I {tand prefent, whom you fo gladlye requtred, Mneas Troian from ftormes defalcked of Affrick. Of trauayl of Troians, O Queene, thee jucceres only. Wee crooms of Troians with land and feafurye moyled, 605 Of welth difpoyled, lyke plodding stormebeaten haglers From natiue country, from citty exiled abydmg, For theefe thy benifits too make lyke freendlye requital 'I may not, Dido: nay the routs of progenye Troian Through wilde world fcatterd, can not make woorthy repayment. 610 Thee Gods (yf Deitee worcks of wights godlye regardeth, If right bee raigning, yf vertue is too be rewarded) YeeM to the lyke kyndneffe, What world, what vertuus heunly Both father and moother gaue breath to fo peereles a daughter. . Whilst hils cast fhaddows, whilft ftreams to the feas be reuolutng, 615 Whilst stars ar twinckling in the orbs of fixed Olympus, Thy fame with thine honor fhal bee by etemttye blazed To what coaft I trauayl: Theefe fpeeches duytiful vttred Hee fhaks Ilionus with right hand, alfoe Serestus With lefthand, fo doughtye Gian, fo doughtye Cloanthus. 620 Firft was Queene Dido with a fight thus fudden apaled,
Next with his hard venturs, and thus fhee rendred her aunfwer.
Thow fun of hautye Godeffe, what crooked dangerus hazards Purfu thy perfon? what feas thee terribil hither Haue flounst ? And art thow Mneas mightye, begotten 625 Of thy fyre Anchifes, and of Venus at Simo fountayne? I faw king Teucer whillon too Sidon aprochmg Expulft fro his regions, his right with might too recouer, And with ayd of Belus: then my fire Belus in Ijland Of Cyprus raigned, that land with victorie maystnng 630 From that tyme forward I knewe thee Troian auenturs, Thee name of thee citty, what kings fucceded tn empyre. Enne thee veri enimy thee Troians glorye, did vtter And from theyre linnadge right hee deriued hts offprmg. Whearefor, freend Troians, with draw yourfelues to mye lodgmgs. 635 Mee the lyk hard venturs erst, and aduerfüye fuffrmg In this new kingdoom good fortun lafÜye repofed,



My felf erst flighted to reliue thee flicted I learned.
Thus fhee difcourfed: to palaice foorth ftatelye fhe leadeth
Thee prince Mneas; when feruice godlye was eended. 640 Thee whilft to his nauy fhee caufed twentye fat oxen
Straight to be conueighed, with an hundred bristeled -hudgebrawns,
Of fheepe lyke number with lambs: gods mighty e rewarding.
But the inner lodgings were with regalitye trimmed.
In mydft of chaumber thee roume for bancket is apted, 645 Thee wals are cloathed with maffy and purpuled arras,
Of piate great cupboords, thee gould emboffed in anticque
Pattérns, her linnadge by long fetcht pettegre trayUng
'Of fyers thee bedrol with natiue countrye recorded. ■ Then the good Mneas (for carcking natural eggeth ^50 Thee mynd of the parent) to the veffels po/ted Achates,
This to tel A/canius, conducting hym to the cittye.
Thee fyre in his darlings good fucceffe chieflye reioyceth.
Lykwife he commaunded too bring from nauye the prefents
Snacht from Troy ranfackt, with gouldfrets ritchlye bedawbed. 655 Aljo the roabe pretioufe colored lyke faufred Achantus:
Which plad vefted Helen, from Greece when to Troy fhe flitted;
Her weeds of wedlock, that her hout dam Leda dyd offer,
Of price a rare prefent: alfo thee •fcepter he willed
Of the fayr Ilionee to be broght: this fayrye was eldeft 660 Of Priamus daughters, this mace too carrye fhe woonted:
Thee pearle and gould crowns too bring with garganet heauye.
With this charge vttred tó the veffels haftned Achates. But Venus in mufing with caers intoxicat hudling
.New fleights frefh forgeth: the face of trim prittye Cupido 665 Too chang with iuggling, whereby hee too Dido reforting
In place of Afcanius, with gyfts might carrye the Princeffe
Too braynefick loouefits, to her boans fire fmouldered huffling.
For Venus haulf doubteth thee Moors fly Hreacherus handling:
Tuno her tormenteth: by night this terror her haunteth. 670 This reafon her fturring thus fpake fhe to cocknye Cupido. My fweete choife bulcking, my force and my power öhlye,
My baby despifing thee bolts of Iuppiter angrye;
Of the request I refuge, with meéke jubmijjion humbled.
Thow knoweft Mneas, by broothers byrth to the lincked, 675 Through feas to haue wandred by Iunoes merciles hattred:
Thow knowfi thee venturs: my grief thy hert often hath anguifht.
Dido enterteigneth this guest with curtefye ciuil.
Yeet do I ftil feare me theefe fayre Iunonical harbours.
In ftraw thear lurcketh foom pad: yeet wyl fhe be fturring.



68o Thearefor her endewours with counter craftinis hynder. j Inflame thee Princeffe with looues affection earnest That mye fun Mneas with mee fhee chieflye may dandle. This drift too coompaffe let this my loare be wel heeded. At the fathers fending thee boy to the cittye repayreth. 685 (Delicat Afcanius, whofe forward fucces I tender)
With many rich prefents from Troyflams narrolye fcaped. This child fast fleeping wyl I lodge in loftye Cythêra, Els on hil Idalium in feat facred he fhal be repofed. Least that he this ftratagem fhould find, or woorck wylyefounder. 600 Thow fhalt his vifadge for a nights fpace fitlye reemble.
Thee gay boy kindlye playing, thee knowne lads phifnomye taking: That when Queene Dido fhal col the, and fmacklye bebaffe thee, When quaffing wynebols, when bancquets deyntye be ferued, When fhe fhal embrace thee, when lyplicks fweetlye fhe fastneth; 60* That then thow be fuer, too plant thy poyfoned hoatlooue. Too moothers counfayl thee fyrye Cupido doth hareken Of puts he his feathers, fauoring with gatetrip Mus. But Venus enfufeth fweet fleepe to the partye refembled, Too woods Idalian thee child nice cocknyed heamng 700 In feat of her boofom: neere fenting delicat herbfloys Of pretious Maioram, with fhade most temperat houfed
But now thee changling with gyfts dooth trudge to the cyttye On to the court pofting: his gyde was truftful Achates. When that he too chaumber, moft ftately decked, aproched 705 Dido fat on beadsteed with curtens gorgeus hanged. Then father Mneas with Troian clufter ajembled: On palet of fcarlet they were for cofiherye fetled. Thee wayting feruatmts riche bafons maffye doe carrye Alfoe wyping towels: maunchets fum in pantrye doe bafket 710 Fiftye bufy dam/els with charge of buttrye be tangled With flame eke relligioufe too fire thee confecrat aultars Maydens, manferuaunts, of eche is there numbred an hundred, That with princelye viand the tabils al francklye doe furnifh. Thee Tyrian lordings too Court moft frefhlye reforted 715 On neeld wroght carpets theefe guestes were al vfihered aptly. Mneas prefents they marek, they doe gaze at Iulus. His face goodlye rofet, with fpeaking forgerye feigned They doe look at mantel, with roabs of faffrod Achanthus: To futur harme lotted: but chiefllye the princes vnhappie 720 Is not with gazing contented fullye, but eauer
Shee doth eye thee prefents: thee mopfy her phantafye lurcheth. On father Mneas his neck thee dandiprat hangeth. And to his great lyking his fyre fuppofed he gayneth.



Hee fkips too Dido: thee Queene with curte/ye cheereful 725 Accepts thee p rincox'. foomtynie fhe hym clojpeth in ar mes -
Poore joule not wytting what great God her hoatlye befiegeth.
But this prittye peacock, his dames charge jlilye remembring,
Firjt of al attempteth too roze from phanfye Sichaus.
With quick looue liuing fro the dead the affection haling: 730 Too new flamd liking her mynd, erft ruftye, reducing.
When fare was finnifht the tabils eeke ftately remooued
Hudge bols thick they placed, with garlands crownd the they mazars.
Al the palaice ringeth with jtamp, a mutterus humming
Tinckleth through the entryes: the tapers eeke kendled ar hanging 735 From gold wyre glittring: thee night with brightnes is owted.
Heere thee Queene wylled that a majjiue gould cup, abounding
With jtoans coucht pretious, jhould bee prejented; her owne hands
Thee goulden goblet with fpirt wyne nappye replennijht.
This cup king Belus with her old fyers former al vfed. 740 Thee rout kept a filence, theefe fpeeches Dido dyd vtter. * Iuppiter (of gueft folcks thee ftay thwart truelye reported) . Graunt that thiê prefent Tyrian with Troian afemblye
May breede good fortune to our freends and kynred heer after.
Let make fport Bacchus, with good ladye luno, be prefent. 745 And ye, my freend Tyrians, thee Troian coompanye frollick. Thus fayd, with fipping in veffel nycelye fhe dipped.
Shee chargeth Bicias: at a blow hee luftelye fwapping,
Thee wyne frefh fpuming with a draught fwild vp to the bottom.
Thee remnant lordings hym pledge: Then curled Iöppas 750 Twangd on his harp golden, what he whillon learned of Atlas.
How the moone is trauerfd; how planet foonnye reuoluetk,
Hee chaunts: how mankind, how beasts dooe carrye their offpring.
How floods be engendred, fo how fire, celestial Arcture,
Thee rainebreede feunstars, with both the Trionical orders. 755 Why the fun at weftward fo tymely in wynter is houfed.
And whye the night feafons in fummer fwiftlye be pofting.
Thee Moors hands clapping, thee Troians, plaudite, flapped. But with fundrye motiue demaunds Queene Dido the night fpace
Strecht, then vnhappy being with looues fweet poyfon atached, 760 Verye much of Priamus demaunding and much of Hector.
Alfo how thee darling of bright Aurora was armed?
How Diameds hor fes were fhapt? how strong was Achilles?
Nay gueft, quod the lady, decipher from the beginning
Thee Greekish falfhood, with thy owne f harp v enterus hazards. 765 For now feun fummers ar fpent, fence thy trauayl hardy
On land and fayling, lyk pilgrim, caufd the to wonder.
Finis libri primi.



THEE SECVND
BOOKE OF VIRgil his >eneis.
Wyth tentiue lyftning eeche wight was fetled in harckning. Thus father Mneas chronicled from lofty bed hautye. You me byd, O Princefje, too fcarrify a feftered old foare. How that thee Troians wear preft by Gracian armye. 5 Whofe fatal mifery my fight hath wytnefed heauye: In which fharp byckring my f elf,.as partye, remayned. What ruter of Dolopans weare fo cruel harted in harckning, What curft Myrmidones, what karne of canckred Vlij fes That voyd of al weeping could eare fo mortal an hazard? io And now with moyfture thee night from welken is hastning: And ftars too flnmber dooe ftur mens natural humours. How be yt (Princelye Regent) yf that thy affection earnest Thy mynd enflameth, too learne our fatal auentures, Thee toyls of Troians, and laft infortunat affray: 15 Thogh my queazy ftomack that bluddye recital abhorreth, And tears with trilling fhal bayne my phifnomye deepelye: Yeet thyn hoat affected defyre fhal gayn the reherfal.
Thee Greekifh captayns with wars and destenye mated, Fetching from Palias foom wife celestial engyn, 20 Framd a ftèed of tymber, fteaming lyk mounten in hudgneffe. A vow for paffadge they faynde, and Brute fo reported. In this od hudge ambry they ramd a number of hardye Tough knights, thick farcing thee ribs with cluftered armoure. In fight is Tenedos of Troy; thee famofed Ifland; 25 Whilft Priamus floorifht, a feat with ritches abounding. But now for fhipping a rough and dangerus harboure. Theare lurckt theefe minions in fort moft fecret abiding. Al we then had deemed, to Grasce that the armye retyred Thearefor thee Troians theyre longborne fadnis abandon: 30 Thee gates vncloafed they fkud with a liuely vagare, Thee tents of the enymyes marcking, and defolat hauen. Heere foght thee Dolopans, theare ftoutly encountred Achilles, Heere rode thee nauye: theare battayls bluddye wear offred. Soom do loke on difmal prefent of loftye Minerua.



35 Alfo they gaze woondring at the horfe his meruelus hudgneffe And firft exhorteth thee Troians feallye Tymetes Too bring thee monument intoo thee cittye; then after For to place in ftately caftel thee monfterus Idol. Wheather he ment treafons, or fo ftood deftenye Troian. 40 But Capys and oothers diuirtg more deepelye to bottom, Warelye fufpecting in gyfts thee treacherye Greekifh, Dyd wifh thee woodden monfter weare drowned, or harbourd In fcorching fyrebrands: or ribs too fpatter a funder. Thee wauermg Commons in kym kam jectes ar haled. 45 Firft then among oothers, with no fmal coompanye garded Laocoon ftorming from Princely castel is hastning, And a far of beloing: what fond phantaftical harebrayne Madnes hath enchaunted your wits, you townjmen vnhap'pye? Weene you (blynd hodipecks) thee Greekifh nauye retürned?
50 Or that theyre prefents want craft? Is jubtil Vliffes \ So foone for gotten? My lief for an haulf penye (Troians) Either heer ar couching foom troups of Greekifh afemblye, Or to crufh our bulwarcks this woorck is forged, al houfes For to prye furmounting thee towne: foom practis or oother
55 Heere lurcks of coonning: truft not this treacherus enfigne: And for a ful reckning, I lyk not barrel or hearing. Thee Greeks bestowing theyre prefents Greekifh I feare mee. Thus fayd: he ftout refted, with his chaapt ftaf fpeedelye running Strong the fteed he chargeth, thee planck rybs manfuly riuing.
60 Then the iade; hit, fhiuered, thee vauts haulf fhrillye rébounded With clufh clajh buzing, with droornming clattered humming. Had Gods or fortun no fuch courfe deftenye knedded: Or that al our fenfes weare not fo bluntlye benummed Thear jleight and ftratagems had beene difcoouered ea/lye,
65 Now Troy with Priamus caftel moft ftately e remayning.
But loa, the mean feafon, with fhouting clamorus hallow Of Troytowne the fheph'eerds a yoncker mannacled haling Prefent too Priamus: this guest ful flylye dyd offer Hym felf foor captiue, thearby too coompas his heajting,
70 And Troian citty to his Greekifh countrye men open. A braffe bold merchaunt in eau fes danger us hardye. In doubtful matters thus ftands hee flatlye refolued, Or to cog: or certeyn for knauerye to purchas a Tyburne. Thee Troian ftriplings crowding dooe clufter about hym:
75 Soom view thee captiue, foom frumping quillites vtter. Now lysten lordings, too Greekifh coofinage hareken, And of one od jubtil ftratagem, moft'treacherus handling
6



Conster al. , For when this princox in mydft of throng ftood vnarmed, 80 Heedelye thee Troians marcking with phifnomye startng:
Oh, quod he, what region fhal fhrowd mee villenus owtcast? Whearto fhal I take me forlorne vnfortunat hoaplost? From Greekifh countrey do-I stand quit banni/hed: alfo Thee wrath hoat of Troians my blood now fierclye requireth. 85 Thus with a fob fighing our mynds with mercye relentmg Greedelye wee coouet, too learne his kinred, his errand, His ftate, eke his meaning, his mynd, his fortun, his hazard. Then the fquyre emboldned dreadles thus coyned an aunfwer. King: my faith I plight heere, to relate thee veritye foothlye. 90 I may not, I wyl not deny my Greecian offpring. Thogh Sinon a caytiefe by fortun fcuruye be framed A lyer hym neauer may fhe make, nor cogger vnhoneft. If that king pufiaunt, ye haue herd earst haplye reported Thee name of thee famoufe Palamedes greaÜye renowmed: q* Thee Greeks this captayne with villenus iniurye murdred: Hym they lying charged with treafons falflye, for hyndrmg Forfooth theyre warfars: hym dead now dolfulye mourne they: Too ferue this woorthy, to hym neerely in kinred alyed, My father vnwelthy mee fent, then a prittye page, hither. 100 Whilft he stood in kyngdoom cockfure, whilft counfel auayled, Then we were of reckning; our feats weare duelye regarded. But when my coofen was fnapt by wycked Vliffes (A ftorye far publifht, no gloafing fabil I twattle) With choloricque fretting I dumpt, and ranckled m anguifh: 10S My tongue not charming with fumimg fu/tian anger
Playnelye with owt cloaking, I vowd to be kindlye reuenged, Eauer yf I backward too natiue countrye returned. . And thus with menacing lyp threats I purchafed hatred. Hence grew my crofbars, hence always after Vliffes 110 With new forgd treafons me, his foa, too terrefye coouets. Oft he gaue owt rumours, hee fabled fundrye reportes. Mee to trap in matters of ftate, with forgerye knauifh His malice hee foftred, tyl that prieft Calchas he gayned But loa, to what purpofe do I chat fuch ianglerye trim trams? H5 What needs this lyngring? fyth Greeks ye hold equal m hatred Syth this eke herd, ferueth; fpeede furth your blooddye reuengment. So ye may ful pleafure thee Greeks, and profü Vlijfes.
Thee les he furth pratled, thee more wee longed tn harcktng, > Too learne al the reafons, no Greekifh villenye doubtmg, 120 Thee reft chil fhiuering he with hert deltuered hoUow.



Thee Greeks theyre paffadge very oft detèrmined homward. And clooyd with byckring theefe wars they thoght to relinquijh. Would God yt had falne fo: yet yt had fo truelye; but often South wynds with wynter jtorming theyre iournye dyd hinder.
125 Alfo of late féafon, when the horfe was finnifhed holye Thee fkyes lowd rumbled with ringing thunderus hurring. With weather astonyed, with fuch fiorms geafon agryjed, Wee fent Euripilus too facred Apóllo for aunfwer. Too joon he this mejfadge ruful from the oracle vttred.
130 Thee wynds with bloodfhed were fwagd, with flaughter of hallowd Virgin, to Troy ward when firft you bended a nauye, Youre viage alfo hoamward a flaughter blooddye requyreth. Thee wynd puffe bluftring no blood but Greecian afketh. When knight Euripilus this mejfadge crooked had opned,
135 Then we were al daunted, with trembling jeareful atached, What Gr eek for facrafice thee God demaunded Apollo. Shortlye the priest Calchas was broght by the fhrewdwyt Vliffes, And now foar laboreth, too know what per jon is afked. Diuerfe dyd prophecy foorth with my deftenye final.
140 That this new practije from my old foes treacherye jprauleth. Thee prieft twije fiue dayes thee café with fecreacye fealeth. Hee maks it jcrupulous jorfooth with blooddye reherjal Of tongue, too facrifice a wight: hym preffed Vlij jes This not with ftanding, with long importunat vrging,
145 Of purpofe Calchas mee wretch too the altar apoincted.
Thearto the rest yeelded; for what theym priuat had anguifht, On me they foone jetled with publicque ioyful agreement. With pofting paffadge thee day moft difmal aproched, Thee fruits al be ready, garland to mye temple is apted,
150 My fcape I deny not, my flight from prifon I knowledge, Thee woas and the myry foute bogs for an harborye taking Vntil they to feaward had packt, and fayles had hoyfed. Now fhal I wayle, poore joule, from natiue countrye remoued, Of father accoumpting my felf, of chyldren al hoapleffe.
155 Whofe giltlejje flaughter be my flight is lyke to be coompast. Thee do I craue, Priamus, by Gods almightye fupernal (Yf truth, yf vnfayned good fayth dooth floorifh among men) For to fpare a wretched fugitiue thus touzed in hatred. Wee thawde with weeping doo pardon francklye the villeyn.
160 In per jon Priamus foorth with commaunded his yrons For to be difioyncted, theeje woords eke gratius adding.
What wight th'wart, ftranger, no Greekifh countrye remember. Thow fhalt be a Troian; yet in one doubt truelye refolue me.



What means this burly /hapte horfe? what perfon is author? 165 For what relligion? what drift? what martial engyn?
This fayd: my yooncker with Greekifh treacherye leffond, Too stars vp mounting both his hands vnmannacled, aunfwerd.
You fires perpetual with rits vn/potted abyding, Too you for wytneffe do I cal: you mystical altars, 170 You fwoords I fled from, that I woare, you confecrat headbands, I do hold yt lawful, to reueale thee mysterye Greekifh, Too fcorne theyre perfons, to blab theyre fecrecye priuat. What law can bynd mee, to be trew to fo wycked a countrey? So that you, Troians, in promi/t mercye be con/tant, 175 If truth I fhal manifest, yf gifts bee largelye requited. Thee Greeks affuraunce in Pallas whoalye remayned And with her ajjistaunce theyre wars were fhouldered always. But fyth Tydides, eke of euels thee founder Vliffes Attempted lewdly fro the church to imbeazel an holy 180 Patterne of Pallas, thee keepers filthelye quelling,
Then they the facred image with brude fijt blooddye prophaned, Thee virgins garlands with contempt impius handling: Syth they that attempted, thee Greekifh fucces abated , And ther hoap al backward dyd drag: thee virgin eke angrye. 185 And her wrath the Godeffe with figns most fenfibil opned. Scant was this patterne of Pallas fetled among vs When flams of firy flafihing moft terribil hiffed:
It fweat with chauffing: three tymes (to to ftrang to be f poken) From ground yt mounted, both launce and targat eke holding. iqo Through feas prieft Calchas, to retyre back haftelye, wifheth For that agaynft Troians thee Greeks doo vaynelye bear armoure. Tyl that with the Godeffe theymjelues too Greece be returned. Which they perfourmed. Now that they fayled ar hoameward They puruey weapons and Gods too pacifye purpofe, 195 And to returne haftly: thus Calchas eeche plat hath ordred. They framd this monument to appeafe celestial anger Of the Godeffe Pallas, the prophet that practis apoincted. Howbeyt Priest Calchas would haue the horfe lifted in hudgneffe, Lest you, thee Troians, through gats fhould carrye the prefent. 200 And fo to bee jhielded yet agayn with patronage anticque. If you with violence this gyft too fcatter had hapned, ■ Graund heaps of mifchief (which Gods on the author his hertroote Firft jet (I doo pray theym) fhould Troian cittye replennifh. And yf this relliek by you to the cittye wer haled, 205 Then, loa, the ftout Troians in wars fhould glorye triumphmg, Wee to ye, lyke bondflaues, our felues for vanquifhed offring.



With this gay glojing of a ftincking periured hangman Wee wer al inueigled, with wringd tears nicetye blended. Thoje whom Tydides, whom Lauiffcean Achilles 210 And al theyre warlick veffels, in number a thowfand, In ten yeers refpit could not with victorye vanquifh.
But marck what foloed: what chaunce and luck cruel hapned Iump with this cogging, our mynds and fenfes apaling. As priest Laocoon by lot to Neptun apoyncted 215 A bul for Jacrifice futfizde dyd flaughter at altars,
Then, loa ye, from Tenedos through ftanding deepe flud apeafed (I fhiuer in telling) two ferpents monsterus ouglye Plafht the water fulcking to the fhoare moste haftelye fwinging. Whofe brefts vpfteaming, and manes blood fpeckled inhaunced
220 Hygh the fea furmounted, thee reft in fmooth flud is hydden. Their tayls with croompled knot twifting fwafhlye they wrigled. Thee water is rowfed, they doe frifk with flownfe to the fhoare word, Thee land with ftaring eyes bluddy and firie beholding: Their fangs in lapping they ftroak with brandifhed hoat tongs.
225 Al we fle from facrifice with fight fo grif led afrighted. They charg Laocoon, but first they raght to the fucklings, His two yong children with circle poyfoned hooking. Theym they doe chew, renting theyre members tender a funder. In vayne Laocoon the affault lyke a stickier apeafing
230 Is to fone embayed with wrapping girdle ycoompast, His midil embracing with wig wag circuled hooping, His neck eke chayning with tayls, hym in quantitye topping, Hee with his hands labored theyre knots too fquife, but al hoaples Hee ftriues: his temples with black fwart poyfon ar oyncted.
235 Hee freams, and fkrawling to the fkye brays terribil hoyfeth. Much lyke as a fat bul beloeth, that jetled on allar Half kild efcapeth thee mifüing boucherus hatchet. But theefe blooddye dragons too facred temple aproched Vnder feete lurcking and /hield of mightye Minerua.
240 A feare then general mens mated /en/es atached.
Wee iudge Laocoon to be iuftly and woorthelye punni/ht, For that he rafh charged with launce thee myftical idol. Streight to place in citty this image, too pacifye fwiftly Thee Godes offended, they doe crye.
245 Downe we beat oure rampiers, our towne wals gapwyd ar opned Al we fal a woorcking, thee wheels wee prop with a number Of beams and fliders, thee neck with cabil is hooped. Through wals downe razed wee draw thee mijcheuus engyn, Ful bagd with weapons: fonnets are carroled hymnifh



2,o By lads and maydens, the roaf ons to ttphertdye longtng.
5 Hit llids, and menaceth futur hurt tn cittye repofed. 6 Gods 6 countrey, 6 Troywals ftronglye be ramfyerd Fo^e^esthis^ument -* tmme^S ltaggred W ?T, g'l„Rhrd FZre tymes with the armour chfe coucht thee paunchbdyclaf3hed.
«5 nZteyt blynd bayards we piod on with phrenfiebedufked, 55 aZ in thee caftel we doe pitch this mon hr vnhappye . fy Gods commaundment thee trouth Ca//andra reuealed Neauer in her prophecyes by the Troians eaüye beleefd. WeeZrl last farewel doo deck through cittye ^ temples
26o Theewhü/t night darckneffe right after foonfet aproched
260 wlh hZdJw cLdmg earth, heun. -
Thee Greeks that glyded through wals, al foftlye be whujtea. Then the Phalanl-Greekifh dyd fayl with ^ £ f***^ From Tenedos- fhinmgs of moone moft freendlye doe gyde theym.
26, f^^icU*** *» lh0Tifyre of aZ yl
StrZht Sinon, af/ured by Gods and deftenye wrongful SVfpaunchclcfet from Uncking ioynctlye releadh. Thee dolrïs difcloafed, by roapsthee ^anye^ided. Tifandrus, Sthenelus captayns, hard herted Vliffes 270 AndAthamas, next alfo Thoas foorth i hued hastlye. 7 M/o Neoptolemus, but of oothers chteflye Machaon. Downe Menelaus is hoipt, of the engyn forger ^s Oure men ar affautted, with fleepewith Thee watch they murthred, thee gats fd eke open, a cluster 27< Of heyn companions they let in, thee coompanye hncketh. 75 ] Then was yt a feafon, when flumber fweeüye betaketh Eech mortal perfon by woont and *^°*r' T loa then in fleeping, to my eemmg forroful Hector Prest'uZ in pre/eJè, and fait tears dolfulye fhowred 280 Harryedin fteedyLks 'as of earst, black bluddye tovi/adge mSdust al powdred, with filthood ^yebedagled_ His feeTar vp/welling with raynes of brtdtl ybroached
Wept'Zthis maner to hym /peeches forroful vttnng. 2Q0 0 /tar of al Troians, of towne thee prosperus holder
What Iets thee Ungred? from what ar countrye, fyr Hector What ieis me* "»s' ' , ,, Aanaerus hazards,
Long hoekt for coomft thow? fo that after aanger



And diners burials of freends, of kinred, of oothers
Wee toft now doe fe thee. By what chaunce filthye thy vifadge
295 Is thus diffigured ? Theeje wounds why mortal apeere they? Hee litle accoumpted this fond and vanitye childifh, But fighs vpplucking from breft ful deepelye, thus aunfwerd.
Thow joon of holye Godeffe, from flame thy carcas abandon. Thee foes haue conquerd, Troytowne is fired of al fydes.
300 Too citty and Priamus lief ynough Gods deftenye graunted. Yf that thee Troians hand ftroaks could fortefye manful, This fiste, Greeks hacking, that jenjiue feruice had eended. Too the recommendeth Troytowne theyr confecrat houfgods. Take theefe for the pilots of fats, by theyr ayd féke a cittye.
305 Which ftately townewals by thee fhal stronglye be founded, Through large feas paffadge when thou fhalt wander hereafter. Thus fayd: thee g ar land, mee thoght, and Vesta the mighty e From altars down fetching, thee fiers eternal he quenched. Thee whilst dn citty there roard a changabil howling,
310 Stil the noife encreafeth (yea thogh that verye far inward My father Anchifes his court was fetled in arbours) Thee fkrich rings mounting, increaft is the horror of armour e, From fleepe I brood waked, to top hastly of turret I posted, And to the jhril yerning with tentiue greedines harcknéd.
315 Much lyke as in cornefhocks findged with blafterus hurling Of Southwynd whizeling: or when from mounten a rumbling Flud raks vp foorrows, ripe corne, and tillage of oxen. Downe tears yt wyndfals, and thick woods jturdelye tumbleth. Thee crack rock crajhing the vnwytting pastor amazeth.
320 Now Greeks mo/t playnely their craft, long hammered, opned. Vulcan hath, in flaming, quit burnt, by his furnitur heating, The houfe of Deiphobus, then next his neighbor his hou f frame Vcalegon kendleth, Thee ftrand flams fyrye doe brighten. Thee towns men roared, thee trump taratantara rolled.
325 Thus then I distracted, with al haftning, ran to mye weapons, Too jhock in coombats, or gard with coompanye castels Mee my wyl on fpurreth, thus wrath, thus phrenjye me byddeth. And to dye with byckring I tooke for a glorius emprice. But fee: priest Panthus of towne and facred Apollo
330 Panthus Otriades thee Greekifh boucherye fcaping,
Heeld in his hands holy rellicques, Gods conquered, alfo
His yoong prittye nephew, to the ftrandward fpeedelye trotting.
What news, fyr Panthus? what forte were best to be fenced? Scant fayd I theefe fpeeches, when woords to me dolful he rendred.
335 Woorthye Syr, our laft houre is coom, too late to be mourned.



Wee were in old feafon Troians, Troy cittye was, alfo Thee Troian glory floorifht: now Iuppiter hardned Hath the ftate of Troians fubuerted wholye. The pertlyke Greeks thee flamd citty with ruthleffe victorye ranfack. 340 Theire fteed hath vpvomited from gorge a furfet of armdmen. F als Sinon aduaunced, with fire, confumeth al houfes, And flouts vs kindly: thee gats ar cramd with an armye. Such troups as neauer too citty Troian aneered. Soom ftop al od corners, no nouke, no paffage vnarmed. 345 They brandifh weapons fharp edgde, to flaghter apoincted. In first encounter thee watch to to weaklye refijted.
With woords of Panthus, and with Gods herried order Kendled, I run forward too rufh throgh thicket of armoure, Wheare fhouts vpclymbing moft rife, wheare is hertfad Erynnis. 350 Theare leags as feloes Ripheus ftrong, Iphitus hardy. By moon/hyne roaming Hipanis, fo fyr Dymas eager Flanck furth oure vauntgard: next cooms thee lustye Chrorcebus Soon to Prince Mygdon, who then not lucklye repayred Too Troy: with lyking of mad Caffandra bewitched: 355 Soon to king Priamus by law: thus he lawfather helping,
His pheers wood prophecyes not at al the yooncker vnhappye Herd. This band of Troians thus ioynctly affembled, I framed This fpeeche: Stout gallants, braue youths, and coompanye manful, Yf ye be determynd too jinck in martial hazards, 360 Too lyms, to carcaffe you fee what fortun is offred.
Al things goa backward: thee Gods haue flatlye renounst vs. Oure ftate that whitton preferud: thee cittye to refcue, Cleene burnt, were fruictles: let vs hardlye be flaughtred in armour Tarnde men haue one faulfty, not in hoop to fettil a faulftye. 365 Theefe woords theyre valiant courradge dooe fcarrifye deeply, Lyke rauening woolfdams vpjoackt and gaunted in hunger, That range in clowd fhade: theyre whelps neere ftarued ar eager And expect vdders with dry iaws: fo doe we iustle: Wee keepe thee midpath with darcknef/e nightye beueyled 370 Lord, bye whofe heunly vttraüce may that nights blood be recouted? Or match thee mifery with counteruaylabil howling? The old towne fals to ruin, that fummers fundrye was empreffe. Thee ftreets and kennels are with flayne carcafes heaped: Euery houfe, eech temple with ruful flaughter aboundeth. 375 And yeet thee Troians are not men vanquifhed onlye:
Sparcks of an old courradge to the conquourd frefhlye be turning. Thee Greekifh victours not in eeche ftroke fhotfre remayned. Loud was thee yelMng, great fears and murther of al fydes.



Of Greeks thee first man with a gallant coompanye garded 380 Fronted vs, Androgeos, for freends vs jimplye beleeuing.
In gentil manner thus he joone difcourfed, vnajked.
Hast forward feloes: what means this lujkifh aproching?
You drawlach loytrers are fcant from nauye repayring,
When your companions with fpoyls of cittye be loaden. 385 Hee fayd: eke on fuddeyn (for he was not freendlye lik aunfwerd)
Hee fPyed his per jon with Troian coompanye wheeled,
Thence dyd he fhrinck backward, his woords al foftlye repreffing.
Lyke when as a trauayler thee fnake with brambei ycoouerd
Vnwytting fquiseth, with chaunce fo fudden amazed, 390 Speedelye whips backward from woorme, with poyfoned anger
Vpfweld. Androgeos lykwife moft gaftlye reculed.
Wee charge thee miniems with round and compafed armour e.
In ftreets vnknowne they doe fal, with terror apaled.
Our firft encounter by fortun lucklye was ayded. 395 This fucceffe cheering and fleafhing luftye Chorcebus,
Thus fpake he: Deere fociats, fyth .we haue this prosperus onfet,
Now let vs on forward, as luck and deftenye gydeth.
And let vs our targets exchange, and Greecian armour
Al clap on oure body es, marching with Greecian enfigne. 400 Craft or doughtye manhod what nice wight in foa requyreth?
Thee Greeks fhal furnifh weapons. This f poken, an heimet
Of knight Androgeos glijtring on pallet he pitcheth.
Hee took eke his target, then in hand his fawchon he griped.
Thee lyke dyd Ripheus, Dymas, and thee youthful afembly. 405 With new raght weapons eeche wight is newlye refrefhed.
Too Greeks wee Unckt vs, by Gods direction holpen.
In night fhade dareknef/e with foes wee fkyrmifhed eftfoons,
And with hoat affalting too Limbo we plunged a number.
Soom run to veffels too ftrondward fwiftlye retyring 410 Soom clymb theyre fteeds womb, freight with perpiexitye dastard,
Oh, Labor is fruictleffe, which Gods and deftenye fruftrat. Lo ye; the wood virgin, with locks vnbroyded is haled
C af jandra, and trayled from temple of holye Minerua.
In vayn her eyes flamed too feat celestial heauing: 415 Her wrifts eke tender with cord weare mannacled hardlye.
This fight foule freighted with woodful phrenfye Chorcebus.
Hee runs too refcu, lyk a bedlem defperat, headlong.
Wee the man hoat foloed, wee coapt with Greekifh afemblye.
Now be we peale pelted frorn tops of barbican hautye 420 Maynelye with our owne men by ftoans downe rouled among vs.
This dolye chaunce gold vs, with blood, with jlaghter abounding,



For that thee townsmen knew not this chaffar of armour e. Thee Greeks al furious, too fee Caffandra recoouerd, Dyd band too geather: but chief thee courraged Aiax ■ 425 And both the Atridans, thee stout Deloponian armye. • Lyke wrastling meete winds with blaft contrarius huzing, Eaft, weaft and Southwynd, with pufroare mightelye ramping, Hudge trees downe trample: theare with God Neptun awaked Thee feas with chauffing and ftrecht mace merciles hoyfeth. 430 Alfo fuch old enymyes: policy that former aflighted And coucht in corners, with a vengaunce frefhlye retyred, And first difcoouerd thee fhields and treacherye feigned. Our fpeech eke and gybbrifh theyre guefh dyd fortefye foothlye. ' Down cooms thee countrey: wheare firft thee fturdye Chorcebus 435 By fyr Peneleus was jlayne, neere confecrat altar
Of the Godeffe Pallas: Ripheus lyke villenye fuffred. A man too pietee, to iuftice whoalye relying. So Gods ordayned thee chaunce. Lo oure coompanye flaughtréd Both Dymas and Hyfranis: nor thy deuotion holye 440 Could falue thee Panthus, nor crowne of bliffed Apollo. You boans of Troians and hou/es flamed I wytneffe, In this laft byckring I fhrunck no danger or hazard, With Greeks encountring: and yf fo fats had apoincted, My fijt deferued my deeath. From thence we be tumbled 445 Iphitus and Pelias iump with me. But Iphitus aged
Dragd, and eke Pelias jore maymd with wound of Vliffes.
To Priamus castel thee fhout doth vs haftelye carrye: Heere was hoat afjaulting, as thogh no fkyrmifh had els wheare Beene, ne yet a jubiect Troian throgh cittye wear harmed. ' 450 Thus we je Mars juriouje, thus Greeks euery harbory jcalmg, Vp fretting the pilers, wording long wymbeled entryes. They clinge thee fcalinges too wals, and vnder a fowgard They clymb, in lefthand, with fhields, tools fellye rebating, With righthands grapling thee tops of turret ar holden. 455 In valiant coombat thee Troians fturdye refifted.
They pafhe thee pallets of Greeks, and rumble a mujter Of torne razte turrets, and for defenfibil armoure Thee Greeks with rold ftoans in last extremitye cru/3hed. And ritch gylt rafters, thee badge, thee glorius enfigne 460 Of blood, thee Troians are ftraynd too fcatter in hurling. Soom bands of Troians with weapons naked in entryes Ranck clofe too geather, thee Greeks most manlye repealtng. Wee with al encoraged weare fturd too fortefye caftel Of poore king Priamus, bringing jrejh jtreingth to the vanqmfht.



465 Theare Jtood an od corner from vulgar companye jingled, A polterne fecret, to the castel Princelye belonging Andromachee the woful that paf f age traced had often Priuat, whilst Priamus kingdoomr with faulftye remayned, Too graundfyre leading her yoong chield A ftyanacta.
470 Too the typ of turrets I ran, wheare feeblye the Troians
Cleene tyrde, the affaultours with weak force vaynely repulfed. Theare was a toure ftanding on a rock, that in altitud euened Thee ftars, too jeming (whence al thee Troian afemblye Was woont thee Greek fleet to behold, and customed armye)
475 Wee that difioyncted; from ftoans thee tymber a funder Wee tearde; thee ioyncturs vnknit, with an horribil hurring Pat fals thee turret, thee Greeks with crafh fwajh yt heapeth. Theyre rowme juppiy oothers; no kind of weapon is abfent, Nor ftoans, nor boans.
480 Theare ftood ek al furioufe with wrath dan Pyrrhus in entrye With brandifht weapons ruffling, in bra/Shaped, armoure. Much lyke the owtpeaking from weeds of poyfpned adder, Whom nauil of boorrows in wynters feafon hath harbourd. His flougth vncafing, hym (elf now youthfulye bleacheth,
485 His tayle fmoog thirling, flyke breast to Titan vpheauing. With toonge three forcked furth fpirts fyre frefhlye regendred, Theare foght Syr Periphas, and coachman of old of Achilles Automedon named, foomtyme that guided his hor fes. With theefe ftout captayns thee youth of Scyria marched,
490 They doe pres on forward, vp fire to the rafter is hurled. In perfon Pyrrhus with fast wroght twibbil in handling Downe beats with pealing thee doors, and post metal heaueth,
U,,J,r„ h„„™c ho„ llvrwia hnve inSt in*l*irtj>ji. hj>. VP/nt.P.f.h
A brood gap yawning with theefe great pu/3hes is opned, 495 Where with thee chombers ar playne difcoouered inward.
Now Priamus parlours, with long antiquitye nobled,
Too the foa ftand open, with large far gallerye ftretched.
Stronglye the firft entry thee Troians garded in armoure.
But the inner lodgins dyd jhrille with clamorus howting, 500 7"oo fkyes fwift climbing was jent thee terribil owtcrye.
Then fhiuering moothers throgh court doo wonder agasted,
Thee posts fast coüing, the pilers mofte hertelye buffing.
With father kis courradge his might dan Pyrrhus enhaunceth,
No man, no morter can his onjet forcibil hynder. 505 With rip rap bouncing thee ram to the chapter is hurled,
Postes al and parlours vp from foundation heauing.
Pyks make thee paffadge: and top fyd turuye be turned



Al thee Princelye thrafholds; thee Troians roundlye be murthred. No place or od corners of Greekifh fouldor ar emptye. 510 Not fo great a ruffling the riuer ftrong flafihye reteyneth
Through the breach owt fpurging, eke againft bancks fturdely fhogging It brayeth in fnorting, throgh towns through countrye remouing Both stabil and oxen. There I faw in boucherye bathed Fyrye Neoptolemus, both breatherne lyncked Atridans. 515 And Hecuba old Princeffe dyd I fee, with number, an hundred Law daughters: Priamus with blood defiled his own fyre, Thai with his owne traueling too Gods hee fetled on altars. Fiftye nephew ftriplings, and lemmans fiftye reteynd he. Now thee ftately e pilers with gould of Barbarye fretted 520 Are razde. Wheare flaming dooth ceaje, thear Greeks doe make hauock. Happlye what eende Priamus dyd make, now wyl be requyred. His foes old Priamus throgh court and cittye beholding On rusty fhoulders floa clapt his vnufual armoure, And booteleffe morglay to his fydes hee belted vnhable. 525 His lif amydst the enymyes with foyne too finnish he myndeth. In medil of the palaice to fkyes brood al open an altar Stood with greene laurel, throgh long antiquitye, fhadei. Now to this hold Hecuba, and her daughters mourneful afembled In vayne for fuccoure gryping theyre mystical idols. 530 Lyke dooues in tempeft clinging faft cloflye to geather.
When fhee fhaw Priamus yoouthlyk furcharged in armoure Shee fayd: What madneffe thee leads, vnfortunat hufband, With theefe mayls maffiue to be clogd? Now whitlier I pray the? Our ftate eke and perfons may not thus weaklye be fhielded. 535 No thogh my darlingjwere pref ent, courraged Hector. Heere pitch thy fortrefje: let truft be repofed in altar: This fhal vs al fuccour, or wee wyl ioynctlye be murthred. This fayd; her old hufband in facred feat fhe repofed. But fe ye, from Pyrrhus fcaping thee yoithlye Polytes, 540 Soon too king Priamus, through thrufting forcibil armoure Rufht by long entreys, thee paffadge blooddye begoaring. ' Hym quick dan Pyrrhus purfuing greedelye reatcheth. With the pufh and poaking of launce hee perceth his entrayls. In jight of thee foarye parents hee fel to the groundward, 545 And liefe with the gujhing bloodjhed to the Gods he releajed. When that king Priamus dyd fee this boucherye beaftlye, Thogh that he were pofting in fatal iournye to deaths doore Yeet this quick cholerick challenge hee could not abandon. Now for this tyrany, thee Gods (fo that equitye raigneth 550 And the hare of iuftice) take, I pray theym, rightlye reuengment.



In father his prefence with fpightful vittenye cancred,
Thee joon that murthreft, my fight with, boucherye ftayning. ^ Not fo the right valeant (whoje joon thwart feigned) Achilles
Was to his foa Priamus, but laws of mdrtial armes 555 Tendring, dyd render too tumb thee carcas of Hector.
And me to my kingdoom both gently and truely returned. »
The old man thus bawling, in ftreingth cleene weakned, here hurled
His dart at Pyrrhus from the armoure feeblye rébounding,
In bos of his target with flagging weaknes yt hangeth. 560 Whye then, quod Pyrrhus, thow fhalt bee fpeedelye posted 1
Too coaft infernal, thear let my exployts be reported.
My father aduertife, that I was ful truelye begotten,
Bafelye Neoptolemus was borne, that carrye for errdnd. This fayd, poore Priamus with force from the altar is haled, 565 And then fyr Pyrrhus with lept hand grapled his hoarelocks,
In the blud hym ducking of his owne joon, fellye Polytes.
His blad he with thrufting in his old dwynd carcas vphilied.
This was Prince Priamus last ende and defteny final,
Who faw thee Troians vanquifht, thee cittye repreffed: 570 Empror of hudge Afia, earst ruling with dignitye regal,
In fhoare nowe nameteffe dooth ly lyke a trunclum al headleffe. This when I perceaued, with fenfibil horror atached,
My father Anchifes heere with do I cal to remembraunce,
Whilft I beheld Priamus thus gasping, my fyre his adgemate, 575 I beare eke in memory my wiefe left foalye Creüfa.
And my houfe difpoyled, then I thinck on my foon Iülus.
In this wije mujing myn eye glaunjt to my coompanye fenjiue,
I doe fpye no Troian, for foom tyerde, tumbled al headlong
Too ground, and diuerfe were burnt with purpofed offer. 580 Thus then I left naked, by veftaes temple abyding
Fatje Helen, in lurcking manner clofe jetled, I marcked.
Thee flaming brightnejfe from fight dooth darcknes abandon.
This minion doubting thee Troians blooddye reuengment,
And alfo fearing thee Greekifh fyrie requital, 585 Thee bane of vs Troians, of Greeks thee mak bate Erinnys,
Formd her in a corner fneaking detefted of altars.
With choler inflaming I rest al restles in anger,
With the death of the lady to requit my countrye repreffed. To Mycen, or Spartans and fhal fhe be faulfly returned? 590 And after conquest as Queene with glorye to floorifh?
Her father, her palaces fhal fhee fe, her children, her hufband?
With the knot of Troian matrons to her jeruice alotted?
Slayn lyes king Priamus: thee Troian cittye bejkorched.



Thee fhoars of Dardan for her oft with bloodfhed abóunded.
595 No fuer, I may not fuch an horribil iniurye cancel.
For to kil a woonman thogh no greate glorye be gleamed, Thogh valor and al honoure from fuche weake victorye flitteth, Yeet to flea this fyrebrand, of al hurty burlye the foundreffe, Must bee commended. My mynd eke further is eafed
600 Yf that of oure flaughters I fhal bee partlye reuenged.
And as I thus muttred, with roysting phrenfye betraynted My moother, the Godeffe (who was accuftomed algats Eare this tyme prefent to be dufk) moft brimlye dyd offer Her felf to vifadge, thee night with brightnes auoyding.
605 Eeune lyk as her deitee to the Saincts dooth lufter in heunbliffe. Shee claspt my righthand, her fweet roje parlye thus adding.
Soon to what od purpofe thus meane ye to ruffle in anger? What maks you furious? wyl you care charye relinquifh Of mee youre moother? Too poft with fpeedines hoamward
610 Too father Anchifes were beft: yf feallye Creüfa
Or the lad Afcanius from murther faulflye be breathing. Theym Greeks affalting had kild, or türned in afhes Had not my deitee theyre ftreingth ouer highlye rejisted. Not thee Greekifh Helen (whofe fight thy paffion angrye
615 Enkendleth) not fautye Paris this cittye repreffeth. This ruin ordeyned thee Gods and deftenye froward. Looke (for I thee moyfture whear with, now mortal, is hyndred Thy fight, doo bannifh, thee darckneffe clowdye remoouing. See, that you doe folow youre moothers deftinat order,
620 What fhe the commaundeth to obferue, precifelye remember) Heere loa, whear heaps hudgy thow feest difioyncted afunder And ftoans difmembred from ftoans, fmooke foggye bedufted, Thee wals God Neptune, with mace threeforcked, vphurleth, And deen theire ioyncturs from deepe foundation heaueth. 625 And the Godeffe luno ful fraight with pooyfoned enuye
Thee gates ftrong wording, furth from the nauye the Greek foas Dooth whoup, ftreight belted with fteele. ' In tops of turrets fee wheare Tritonia Pallas Is jet, thee Troians killing with Gorgon his eyefight. 630 Thee father of deitee thee Greeks dooth mighteVye^ courradge: Through his procurement thee Gods thee cittye difhable. Flee, fle, my fwed darling, ld toyls bee finnifhed hastly. Thow fhalt bee fhielded with my protedion alway. I wil not fayle thee to tyme thow faulflye be jetled. 635 This fayd; with darckfoom night fhade quite clowdye fhe vannifht Griflye faces frouncing, eke agaynft Troy leaged in hatred



Of Saincts foure deitees dyd I fee.
Then dyd I marck playnely thee caftel of Ilion vplayd,
And Troian buyldings quit topjy turuye remooued.
640 Much lyk on a mountayn thee tree dry wythered oaken
Sliejt by the clowne Coridon rufticks with twibbil, or hatchet. Then the tre deepe minced, far chopt dooth terrif ye jwinckers, With menaeing becking thee branches paljye beforetyme, Vntü with fowghing yt grunts, as wounded in hacking.
645 Al leingth with rounfefal, from ftock vntruncked, yt harf3heth. With Gods affistaunce downe from thee turret I lighted, Mye tools make paffadge through flame and hostilitye Greekifh. Too father Anchifes old houfe thus faulflye retyred, Foorth with I dyd purpofe from thence too defolat hiltops
650 My fyre too carry, but as I this matter had vttred, Too liue now longer, Troy burnt, hee flatlye reneaged; Or to dwel as bannifht. But ,he jayd, you lustye iunentus In yeers and carcaffe prime, quick and liuelye remayning Flee you.
655 // Gods omnipotent my lief too linger had ordred
They would theefe lodgings haue fenst. Sufficeth yt alfo That Troians mifery dyd I liue too teftifye mourneful. Good fyrs, bee packing, let my corps heere be repofed. My fijt fhal purchafe my death, my foa mercye wyl offer
660 For thee bootye fijhing. Of graue to be voyded is harmeleffe. Long my liefe I pampred, too Gods celeftial yrkjoom, Syth king of mankind, father of diuinitye total, With thundring lightnings, my carcaffe ftronglye beblafted. Theefe woords expreffing in one heaft hee ftieflye remayned
665 Found fel I too weeping, with my fpoufe foarye Creüfa, With my joon Ajcanius, with al eke thee forroful houfhold. Hym we al dejyred too tame this desperat owtrage, Oure final flaghter not with fuch follye to purchafe. Hee refted wyl ful lyk a wayward obstinat oldgrey.
670 I then alarm f houteed, too dy dyd I verelye purpofe,
For now what counfayl, what courfe may rightlye be taken? What? father Anchifes, hold you my duityé jo fclender, Too flip from Troytowne, and heere you foole to relinquijh ? From the fathers fermons fhal fuch fond patcherye flicker?
675 If Gods eternal thee last diffeuered off al
Of Troy determyn too burne, yf you father alfo Youre felf too murther, too roote youre progenye purpofe, Catch that catch may be, thee ftreet gate to flaghter is open. From kitting Priamus, dan Pyrrhus fhortlye wyl hither,



68o Thee foon fast bye the fyre; thee fyre that murthred at altars. Wafd for this (moother) that mee throgh danger vnharmed You led, now my enymyes to behold too riffle in hous feat? And my foon Afcanius, my fyre, my feallye Creufa For to fe deepe bathed, grooueling in bloods of eche oother? 685 Nay then I beefhrew mee: make ye haft fyrs: bring me myn armoure. Now for a laft farewel do I take me to Greekifh afembly. Soom Greeks fhal find yt bitter, before al we be flaghtred. I girt my weapons to my fyde, my tergat I fetled On lift hand fo rufhing to the ftreets I posted in anger. 690 But my feete embracing my pheere me in the entrye reteyned Too father owtraging thee foon fhee tendred Iulus.
If io dye you purpofe, take vs alfo in coompanye with you. If through experience foom truft ye doe fettel in armoure Firft gard this dwelling, wheare refts thee childifh Iulus, 695 Wheare father is feated, where youre fpoufe named, is harbourd.
Theefe woords owt fhowting, with her howling the houfe fhe replënifht But look, on a fuddeyn what chaunce moft woonderus hapned Tweene father and moother thee yong boy jetled Iulus, A certeyn lightning on his headtop gliftered harmeleffe. 700 His crifp locks frizeling, his temples prittelye ftroakj,ng.
Heer with al in trembling with fpeede wee ruffled his hearebujh, With water attempting thee flame too mortifye facred. But father Anchifes, mounting his fight to the fkyward, Both the hands vplifting, hertly thus his orifon vttred. 705 Iuppiter omnipotent (yf that prayer annye the bendeth) Vs pitye, thy feruaunts, yf eke oght our godlines afketh, Graunt (father) affiistaunce this mirracle happy e to ftablifh.
Scant had he this finnifht, when that, with fudden, a thundrmg In the jkye dyd rumble, foorth with theire flamed a blazing 710" Star, jtreams owt jhooting, yeelding of cleerenes abundaunce. Wee noted yt glyding from tops of manfion houfeplace. Lastlye the ftar jincking in woods wyde of Ida was hydden, Right the waye furth poincting. Thee wood with brightnes apeereth. Eech path was juljoom with jent of julphurus orpyn. 715 My father heere conquerd, hymfelf vp luftelye lifted. With the Godhead parling, he the ftar crinital adoreth.
Now, quod he, no lingring, let vs hence, I am prest'to be packmg. Saulfe my prittye nephew, you Gods of countrye, my hnnadge. You do manadge Troytowne; this is eke your profperus omen. 720 Now, my foon, on forward, thy fyre is prest haftlye to track thee.
Thus fayd he. Thee flaming to the townewals more nere aproched, And the flafh of burning with fkorching fpeedines hasted.



Wel father in Gods name, mount on my /houlder, I pray you.
This labor is pleafaunt, to me t'ys not payneful or yrckfoom. 725 What luck fhal betyde vs, wee wyl be in deftenye partners,
Or good hap, or froward: and let my young lad Iulus
Next be my companion, my wief may foftlye pace after,
Syrs, you thee feruaunts, flack not my woords to remember.
A tumb to Troytowne and mouldy tempil aneereth 730 Vowd to the godlye Ceres, a ciper by the churche feat abydeth
By our old progeniotours long tyme deuoutlye regarded.
From diuerfe corners to that hewt wee wyl make afemblye.
Gripe, father, oure country deitees; je ye warelye keepe theym.
For fith I with byckrings embrewd fo blooddye my fingers, 735 I may not, I dare not pollute Gods heaunlye, with handling,
Vntil I with fountayn mee wafh. When that I theeje fpeeches deliuered, I twifted a wallet
On my brood fhoulders, my nape dyd I fettle eke vnder,
With lion his yettow darck fkyn my carcafe I cafed. 740 My father on fhouldeers I fet, my yoong lad Iulus
I lead with righthand, tripping with pit pat vnequal,
My wiefe cooms after, through croffe blynd allye we iumble.
And I that in forenight was with no weapon agafted,
And litel esteemed thee fwarms of Greekifh afemblye 745 Now fhiuer at fhaddows, eeche pipling puf doth amaze me,
For yong companion, for bedred burden abafhed.
Danger al ejcaping to the gats I faulflye repayred.
Yeet not with ftanding a trampling judden of hoatfoot
Soldours vs chafed, to my thincking; my father alfo 750 Casting eye backward cryed owt, foon flee, they doe track vs.
I doe fe theyre brandifht ter gats, and brajShapen hameife.
Now was I from policy fore caft with terror amooued,
For whilft I wandred through ftreets and paffages vncooth,
My wief departed, my coomfort hertye Creüfa. 755 Yf death her had goared, fhe behynd yf weerye remayned,
Or ftrayed in foloing, I knew not truelye: but after
Vnfeene fhee refted, nor backward fkewd I myn eyefight,
In graue of holye Ceres tyl that my burden I lighted.
For fhee was mifSing, when al our good coompanye cluftred. 760 With foon, with famely, with mee fhee kept not apoinctment.
Too Gods, too creaturs I belcht owt blafphemye bowling.
For to me what mifchief could chaunce in cittye more hurtful.
My father Anchifes, my chield I took to my feruaunts,
And Gods of Troians were coucht in cuftodye fecret. 765 I to fhe towne turned clofe clad with burnifhed armoure.
7



I was determind fully, too ventur al hazards, Al Troy too trauerfe, too (uffer danger al hapning. Firft dyd I coom backward to the wals, from whence I remooued, Too the gat I posted by night, and carefulye dogging 770 Thee way with lightflams, eeche crooked corner Iranfackt.
Both with nightye filence was I quayld and greatlye with horror. Thence dyd I trudge hoamward, too learne yf fhe haplye returned. But theare weare the enymyes with thronging clufter afembled. Thee fyre heer on fretting with blaze too rafter is heaued. 775 Thee flams furmounting tenements doo whize to the fkyward. I ran too Priamus razd court, at castel I gazed, In cels and temple, that of old too luno was apted. . As keeper Phcenix was made, with ruthles Vliffes Of booty and pillage. Theere Troian treafur is hurded, 780'That flames efcaped, thear ftood the rich halloed altars. ' Theare maffiue gould cups bee layd, theare wardrob abundant Of roabs moft pretioufe, thear ar eke yoong children m order With cold hert moothers, for Greekifh victorye quakmg, Setled on al fydes. 785 I ftoutty emboldned with night fhade rayfed an howtmg, With mournful belling I namde expreflye, Creüfa. In vayne with fobbing was oft that od eccho repeated. In this guife frantyck as I ran throgh cittye with howltng I noted on fuddeyn the goast of verye Creüfa, 700 And her woonted image, to me knowne, mad her elfifh aparance
Heere with I was daunted ,my hear flard, and fpeechles I ftutted. Then to me thus fpeaking, my carck in fearch.fhe remooued.
This labor, 6 hufband, too no great purpofe auayUth, For this hap is chaunced bye the Gods prefixed apoinctment. 795 Hence yt is vnlawful with you too carrye Creüfa.
That trauayl is fhortned by the king of facred Olympus Thow must with furges bee bangd and pilgnmage yrckfoom. In land Hefperian thow fhalt bee faulflye receaued, Wheare glydes throgh cornefilds, with ftreaming fecrecye, 2yöm. 800 Theare doe lye great kingdooms, and Queene most Pnncelye befpoken For the, mye kind hufband for mee grief therefor abandon. Now me the Myrmidones for captiue prifoner hold not, Nor fterne fnuff Dolopans, and Greekifh matron I ferue not, Of Venus in wedlock thee daughter. 805 Of Gods thee moother me in this my countrye reteyneth. Fare ye wel, 6 hufband, oure yoong babye charely tender.
This fayd, fhee vannifht, and thogh that I fadlye requyred, Too confer further, yeet fhee too tarrye renounced.



Thryce dyd I theare coouet, to col, to clajp her in armes. 810 Thryce then thee fpirit my catching jwifilye refufed.
Much lyk to a pufwynd, or nap that vannijhed haftlye.
Thee twylight twinckled, furth I to my coompanye pofted.
Whear foone I perceiued with woonder a multitud hudgye.
Of men with woomen too this layre newlye repayred. 815 Thee yoonger Troians, thee meaner wretched afemblye
Round to me dyd duffer, with pur/e and perfon abyding
Prest, throgh furgye waters with mee too [eek ther auenturs.
Lucifer owtpeaking in tips of mounted hil Ida
On draws thee dawning. Thee Greeks with custodye watchful, 820 Warded thee towngats, hoop here of no fuccor abyddh.
I fhrunck, and my father to the crowne of mounten I lifted.
Finis libri Jecundi.



T
HEE T H I R
BOOKE OF VIRGIL HIS ÜNEIS
D
When giltlejje Afian kingdoom [terne destenye quafihed, With Priamus country when fquyfd was the Wan empyre, When Troy was razed, quight from foundation hoyfed: Furth to run exiled, too feeke foom forren auentures,
5 By Gods we are warned. Wee rigd our nauye flat vnder Haut hil of Antander, not far from mounten of Ida. Then we wer vncerteyn too what faulf foyle to betake vs. Men to vs thick crouded: fcant was prime fummer aproched, When father Anchifes to the feas thee coompanye charged.
10 I, fait tears fhedding, my natiue countrye relinquifht,
Thee roods and platfourms where Troy ftood: fad to the feavèard With my companions and with my yoong jon Iülus With Gods, mighty e patrons, my courfe and paf f age I bended. A large wyld region theare ftands, Mauortia cleaped,
15 Thracia jum terme yt: theare raignd thee bluddye Lycurgus: Thee Troian leage feat, with faftned freendfhip abyding Whilft fortune floated. With croffe Mast thither I fayled, On fhore eke I founded townewals, by deftenye luckleffe: Of my name, Mneidans dwellers, theare fetled, I named.
20 Too Venus and the jacred remnaunt of thee holye triumphaunts I framd a jacrifice, the begun wurck lucklye toe profper, And toe loue omnipotent a bul neere feafide I flaughtred. A tumb theare rested by chaunce clofe fhaded al vpward With twigs thick crumpled, with myrtel moffye thear edging.
25 I drew neere, mynding too roote fro cel earthye the fhicket, With thee flips greenifh too deck thee new fhaped altars. I viewd with wundring a grifly monsterus hazard. For the tre fupplanted, that first fro the roote feat is haled, With drop drop trilling of fwart blud filtred abundance.
30 Thee ground black fteyning: then furth with a quiuerifh horror My ioyncts child ranfackt, my blud with terror apaling. At the fecund putting, when an oother wicker is vp pluckt. Thearbye the whole matter furth with more deepelye to ferret, From that ftub lykewije foorth fpirt drops bluddelye ftillling.



35 With this hap entangled, thee fweete Nymphs rural I woorfhipt, And God Mars the Regent of that foyle crabbed adoring, Too turne too goodneffe this fight and merciles omen. But when I thee third tyme^with grype more fiercelye dyd offer, Ny knees faft pitching on fands, too pluck vp an oother:
40 (What? fhal I chat further? from fpeeche fhal fecrecye bar mee?) From pits deepe bottoom dooth fkritche a woonderus howKng, With playnts most pitiful to oure ears thus fadlye rebounding'. Woorthye fyr Mneas, why with this boutcherye teare you A caytiefe foflorne? Extend your mercye to deadfolck.
45 Foute not your facred hands; you rock no forrener owtcaft, You rent a Troian: theefe drops from fhrubs doe not iffue'. Oh, flee this Canibal country, this coouetus Ifland. I amnamd fyr Polydor: with darts fel nayled heer vnder I lodge: which thicket thus growne me terriblye stingeth.
50 I ftud al astonyed, my hear ftarde, and fpeechles I refted. This Polydor whiUon with pure gould mightelye loaden, Preeuelye by Priamus, thee Troian rector vnhappye, Too king Treicius was fent, to be charelye noozeld. But when this gardein perceu'd the aduerfitye Troian,
55 And that theyre citty thee Grecian armye befieged;
Hee leaues thee conquourd, and clingd to the partyc triumphant. Al truft fowlye breaking, thee poore Polydorus is headleffe Through wycked murther, thee gould thee traytor vp hurdeth. What feat or endeuours of gould thow confecrat hungar
60 Mens mynds conftrainjt not with wyels or vertue to coompaffe. When that I tooke courradge, when pangs al feareful I bannifht, I told thee chiefteyns, and namelye mye good father adged This ftrange aduenture, theyre iudgements alfo requyring. Swiftlye they determind too flee from a countrye fo wycked, ^ 65 Paltocks Inne leauing, too wrinche thee nauye too jouthward. For polydor wee framd an obit: wee tumbled in heapwife Of stoans a clufter, with black weede the altar is hanged, • With tree fwartye Cipers: Troy dames with customed v/adge Trol round, downe tracing with theyre difcheaueled hearlocks.
70 Wee pourd mylck luke warme foaming, and blud facred after. . With mayne noife lifted to the flayne foute lastlye we fhouted. When foft gale footherne and calme feas faulflye dyd offer, My mates lancht forward theyre fleete, from fhoare we be glyding, Thee roods, thee countrey, thee towns fro oure nauye be godding.
75 In the myd of the fearowme theare ftands a plentiful Ifland Too thee dame of myrmayds, too Neptune Princelye relying: This was roundlye bayed (for jo the loue heunly e dyd order)



With Mycone, and eke with Giarus, two famofed Iflands. Theare refting hdbitants no wynd flaws ftormye regarded. 80 Too this Ile I layled, wee faulflye dyd harbor tn hauen. When we were al landed, we the cittye of Phcebus adored. King Anius, king of the habitants, and prieft of Apollo Crownd with frefh garland, with laurels confecrat heodband, Glad met vs, alfo knowing Anchifes adged, his old reend. 8* Theare we fhake hands kyndly, foorth with we are fetledmhostrye. In the old buylt tempil thus thee God Phcebus I woorfhipt
Soom bye place of refting graunt vs, moft facred Apollo, Yeeld wals too vs wery, foom ftock, foom towne for abydmg Saulue the fecund Troytowne, thee fcraaps of wrathful Achilles, 00 Of Greeks thee reUicks; by what king fhal we be ruled?
What man is oure captayne? Too what foyle worldlye toiourney, Thow dooft commaund vs? where fhal we be lastlye repofed? Shew father a prophecy; poure downe thye good oracle heunly. Scant had I thus fpoken, when feats al quiuered about vs. 05 Thee doors, thee laurel, thee mount with ternbil earth quake Doo totter fhiuering, with rumbling mutterus eccho. Then to vs fquat groouelmg in this wife the oracle aun/werd
You brawnd hard Troians, what foyle youre auncetrye feifed Firft of al old countreys, to the fame you fhal be reduced. 100 Track owt youre moother, whom long antiquytye graunted. With leed of Mneas fhal coompaffe earthlye be ruled. His foons foons and foons from theire braue progenye fprmging.
Thus God Apollo cryed: but wee with an vntfon owtcrye, And with iollye tumult, where fhould that cittye be fetled 105 Streight ways demaunded, what place God Phcebus apoincted, My father Anchifes vp al old antiquitye rippmg, Heare me, quod hee, lordinges, Urne the expectatton hoaped. Thee Creet He in mydfeas dooth ftdnd too Iuppiter halloivd: Theare mount Ide resteth, thee fpringe of progenye Troian. no A fruictful kingdoom, with towns in number an hundred Hence our progenitour (jo I foyle not in hiftorye told mee) Surnamed Teucrus firft came too Rhetean Ifland. Theare picht he his kingdoom, for then Troy cittye was vnbuytt, And caftels ftood not, the habitans in vallye remayned. us Theare dwdt dame Cybele in forreft of defolat Ida. 5 And moonewife Coribants on braffe their od harmmye tincklmg. Thence cooms truftye filence vfd in follemnitye facred And two ftately lyons this fine doms gilt wagon haled. Wilelv let vs thearefor too Gods direction hareken: I2o Let wynds bee fwadged foorth with, too Candye be packmg.



Short ts thee paffadge (fo that oure God Iuppiter help vs) In three days fayling wee jhal too Candye be puffed.
This difcourfe eended, too the altars holye returning, A Bul too Neptune, wyth a bul too golden Apollo, ' ,-|k:&a 125 Hee lykewije jlaughtred too roaring wynter a bïackbeaft, - But to the /weet weft wynd a beft whit lillye was offred.
Theare fleeth a rumoure, that king of Candye relinquifht ■ Hts feat, that the Ifland, is left vnfurnijhed holye. Wee left Ortigian countrey, with nauye we paffed 130 By mounts of Nazon too fkincking Bacchus alotted.
From thence wee trauayled to the greenedeckt gaylye Donyfa: T0 Oleoron, too lillye Paron, to the Cyclades alfo DifPerfd and fcatterd, and neere creeks fundrye we fayled Thee thickfkyn mariners fhouted with judden agreement. 135 My maats affented to bend too Candye the paffadge.
Thee wynd puft forward with jweete gale freelye the nauye: ■ At lemgth by fayling on land of Candye we lighted. First then at oure landing towne wals I ther hastelye founded Pergamea I cald yt, that name they gladlye receaued. 140 By me they were counfayld too buyld vp fumptuus houfes. Alfo bye this feafon too docks oure nauye was haled. Thee youth too wedlock and tyUadge thriftelye clustred. Both laws and tenements I framd. But stréight on a fuddein A plagye boch ranged, with foute contagion ayrye 145 Both bodyes feftring and fruict trees plentiful harming. A yeere too difmal For fweete lief fwiftlye was eended, Thee fields cleene fruictleffe thee dogstar Sirius heated'. Thee flours wax withred, thee foyle fruicts plentye renegeth. My father exhorted too turne too facred Apollo, 150 For toe craue our pardon, when fhould this iournye be finnifht, Or trauail expyred, by what means might we be furthred.
Jhee night his mantel dooth fpred: with flumber is holden Eche huing creature, then my holye domejtical hou/gods In laft nights fyrebroyls, that from Troy fkorched I fauïued, 155 In ghftred fhyning in a dreame toe me made thear aparaunce. Inmp at thee wyndoors, where moonfhyne brimlye dyd enter. Thus to me they parled, fhredding of forroful anguifh.
Syr. to ye what foothfay to record dooth purpofe Apollo; Heere that he difchargeth: we be fent too fignify his errand waua fr<m Tr°ybr*nds bye thye courradge manfulye fhielded
And bye thye good guiding through feaplafh ftormye we marched Wee thee fame pilgrims wyl yeeld to thye progenye glorye, And rule too citty. Let townewals mightye be raifed



Streight by the for mighty perfons: let no reafon hold thee 165 From flight: this countrey must bee for faken: Apollo
Ment not, in his prophecy, thy courfe too Candye to further. Theare ftands a region ,by Greeks yt is Hefperye named, A ftout old countrey, with plenty fertil abounding. Theare dwelt th'Mnotrians, but now by the coompanye yonger 170 Of thee firft captayn valiaunt, yt is Italye termed:
Oure feat thear refteth: theare borne was Dardanus adged, Aud father Iafius: from whence oure auncetrye fprouted. Wherefor in al gladneffe to thyne old fire certifye tydings: Skud to foyl Italian, from Candye the Iuppiter haleth. 175 With theefe Gods gingling, with fight mofte geafon apaled, (For to mye ful feeming with flumber I was not atached I knew theire tucktlocks, I knew theire phifnomye prefent A cold fweat faltifh through my ioynctes fiercely dyd enter) From my bed I ftarted: to the fky with meeknes I lifted 180 My hands deuoutlye praying, then too my fortunat houfgods I framd a facrifice: next with ioy tickled I pofted Too my fyre Anchifes: and told thee matter in order. Hee noted his ftumbling to haue coom from the auncetrye doubtful. And dubil acceptaunce of fyers to haue foftred his erroure. 185 O my fon Mneas, with Troian deftenye toughned; Thee felf fame prophecy too mee Caffandra recited: Now cal I too memory that fhee this countrye remembred, Often at Hefperian regions, and Italye glauncing. But to foyl Hesperian that Troymen fhould be remooued, 190 What wight coniecturde? who would C af jandra then hareken? Accept wee therefor this courfe, and credit Apollo. Thus fayd: we affented to his lore with cheereful obeyfaun.ee. Wee leaue Creete country: and our fayls vnwrapped vphoyftng, With woodden veffel thee rough feas deepelye we furrowe. 195 When we fro land harbours too mayne feas gyddye dyd enter Voyded of al coast fight with wild fluds roundlye bebayed, A watrye clowd gloommmg, ful abooue mee clampred, apeered, A fharp ftorme menacing, from fight beams foonnye reiecttng: Thee flaws with rumbling, thee wroght fluds angrye doe tumble: 200 Vp fwel thee furges, in chauffe fea plafShye we tumble:
With the rayn, is daylight through darekneffe moystye bewrapped, And thundring lightbolts from torneclowds fyrye be fla&htng. Wee doe mis oure paffadge through fel fluds boyfterus emng, Oure pilot eke, Palinure, through dymneffe clowdye bedufked 205 In poinccts of coompaffe dooth ftray with palpabil erroure. Three dayes in darekneffe from bright beams foonny repaeled,



And three nigths parted from lightning ftarrye we wandred. Thee fourth day foloing thee fhoare, neere jetled, apeered And hits vppeaking; and jmoak fwift fteamd to the jkyward.
210 Oure fayls are ftrucken, we roa furth with fpeedines hastye,
And the fea by our marmers with the oars cleene canted is harrowd On fhoars of strophades from ftorme efcaped I landed, For thofe plats Strophades in languadge Greekifh ar highted, With the fea coucht Iflands. Where foule bird foggye Celoeno
215 And Harpy is nestled: .fence franckling Phines his houfroume From theym was funderd, and fragments plentye remooued. No plage more perilous, no monster griflye more ouglye, No ftigian vengaunce lyke too theefe carmoran haggards. Theefe fouls lyke maydens are pynde with phifnomye palifh;
220 With ramd cramd garbadge, theire gorges draftye be gulled, With taUants prowling, theire face wan withred in hunger, With famin vpfoaken.
When tward theefe Iflands oure fhips wee jetled in hauen, Neere, we viewd, grafing heards of bigge franckye fat oxen,
225 And goals eke dropping careleffe ,not garded of heerdman. Wee rujht with weapons, parte of thee bootye we lotted First to loue. On banck fyds our felv.es with food we repofed. But loa with a juddeyn flu/3hing thee gulligut harpeys From mountayns flitter, with gagling whirlerye flapping
230 Theyr wings: furth the viand fro tabils al greedelye fnatching, With fulfoom fauour, with ftincking poyfoned ordure Thee ground they fmeared, theartoo fkriches harfhye reioyningThen we jet al the tabils, and fyrde oure mystical altars Vnder a rock arched, with trees thick coouered ouer.
235 At the jecund fitting from parcels fundrye repayred This cooui rauenoufe, and fwift with a defperat onfet, They gripte in tallants the meat and furth fpourged a ftincking Foule carrayne fauour e: then I wild thee coompanye prefent, Too take theire weapons, and fight with mifcheuus howlets.
240 My wyl at a beckning is doon, they doe run to ther armoure In grafje theyre flachets, and tergats warélye pitching. But when at a thurd flight theefe fowls to the coompanye neered, With fhril braffe trumpet Mifenus fowned alarum. Oure men marcht forward, and fierce gaue a martial vncoth
245 Charge, theefe jtrange vulturs with fkirmifh bluddye to may ster. But strokes theire feathers pearfd not, nor carcajes harmed: And toe fkye they foared, thee victals clammye behynd theym, They do leaue haulf mangled with fent vnfauerye bepoudred. On the typ of rockifh turret ftood gaftlye Celoeno



250 Vnlucky propheteffe; and thus fhe recounted her errand. And now Syr Troians, wyl you for flaughter of oxen And for al our owne good wage war with fellye poore harpeys-? And vs from kingdoom bannifh? Then take me this errand: And what I jhal prophecy with tentiue liftenes hareken, 255 What loue too Phcebus, too me alfo what vttred Apollo. I the chiefe hel fyr ebrand 'of fel furye mifcheuus holden Wyl now difcoouer thee jelf jame myfterye told mee. Italye you long for, to the land eke of Italye faulflye You fhal bee guided with winds, and fetled in hauen. 260 Yeet not with ftanding ere conquerd cittye be rampyrde, For this youre trejpas you jhal be jo gaunted in hunger, That youre fmeary tabils you wyl mojt greedelye jwallow.
Thus fhe fayd: and forward to the wood fhee flickered hastlye. At this hap oure feloes with feareful phantafye daunted, 265 Stood ftil al astonied with cold blud, lyke gelu, quiuering. They doe quayl in courradge, and with no martial armoure, But by ther holye prayers they doe practife peaceful atoane ment. If godefeffe, yf byrds ftincking, or bugs they refembled. But father Anchifes his palms from ftrond plat inhauncing 270 On Gods heunly e cryeth, to ther heft with duitye relying:
Gods, quod he, this meffadge turne you to a profperu» omen. Cancel theefe menacing foothings, thee godlye referuing.
Thus fayd: fwift we weyed the anchors, and fayles vphoyfed, With northen bluster through fome feas fpeedelye flitting, 275 As the gak and the pilot with fteering fkylful vs haleth. In midil of the fea deepe wee faw thee wooddye Zacynthos, Dulichium, Samee, with cragged Neritos hard stond. Wee fle the rocks of Ithack, and coast of Princelye Laërtes, Alfo we the byrth place deteft of flinted Vliffes. . 280 Thee mount Leucates with thick clowds gloommye bedawbed Vp peaks to the viewing, with feareful poinct of Apollo. Theare we were enfhoared quight tyrde, andonto the borrough As we god, oure veffels vpdrawne are grapled at anchor. Theare we being landed faulfly through fortun vnhoaped, 285 Too loue wee facrifice, fundry hostes are flamed on altars, And Troian paftymes wee practife in Actean Ifland. Soom feloes naked with lording fmeary e bebaffed, With wraftling gambalds for price, for mayftrye doe ftruggle Myrrye for efcaping thee towns and Grecian hamiets, 200 Through theire deadly foes theire paffage luckye recounting:
Thee whilft fayre Phcebus thee yeers courfe roundlye reuolued, And feas, with north blaft and wynter frostye, be roughned:



A brafen hudge tergat, that Abans erst fenced in armoure, On poft I nayled, thee clingde (hield this pojye beareth.
295 This Signe AEneas From Grekifh Gonqueror Haled.
I gaue commaundment fro the port to the fhips to be packing. My maats jkum the jea froth there in oars ftrong cherelye dipping. Thee Pheacan turrets foorth with from jight we relinquifh. Wee coast Epëirus, thence wee touche Chaön his hauen.
300 And to the great burrough of Butthrot ftatelye we jkudded. Heere, loa, throgh oure hyring a report incredibil, vncoth, Glides, that Prince Helenus, by Troian lineal ofjpring Soon too king Priamus, this Greekifh countrye reteyneth. Thee pheere poffeffing and crowne of Pyrrhüs his empyre,
305 Alfo that Andromachee dooth bed with a countrye man hufband. Theefe news mee mazing, my mynd was greedelye whetned, Too porie with the Regent, too terne this meruelus hapning. I ftept from the hauen, leouing my nauye behynd mee. Happelye that feafon foom banckets costlye, with oother
310 Lamenting. prefents (in fhade to the cittye reioyning
Neere water of Simois both deepely and warelye fliding) Andromachee framed to the dust, on tumb eke of Hector Catting with burial yelling, that al emptye remayned: With greene turf circled; from thence right on fhe repayred,
315 For eau je of further mourning, too confecrat altars. When fhe dyd efpy mee posting, and Troiecal armoure Too too gyddye viewd, with vnordinat extafis hamperd, Downe fhe fel on fuddeyn, thee cold too carcas aprocheth: Shee fowns, and after long paufing thus fhe fayd elflyke.
320 Is thye true piayne vifadge with tru fhape natural off red? Imp of a ftatelye Godeffe bringst thou to me verelye tydings? j 'Art thow yeet liuing? or the yf light worldly e relinquifht, Tel me where is my hnfband, my f weeting delicat Hector? Thus fayd: al in blubbring fhee floath, with clamorus howlmg
325 Thee place fhee tinckled: but I through pangs vncoth vnhabled, With ftutting ftamering at leingth thus fumbled an aunfwer.
I doe liue, I affure thee, thogh dangers fundrye me taynted, Doubt ye not, a changling ye je none. Lord what good fortune thee lack of pristinat hufband 330 Hath toe thye contentment with new match luckye releeued? Poffefjeth Pyrrhus thee fpoufe of famofed Hector?
Downe fhe fmote her vifadge, to me thus ful fmoothlye replying. 6 Priamus daughter, thee virgin Princelye, thrife happye Thow that by thye foes neere Troy wals flaughtered host beene. 335 By this hap efcaping thee filth of lottarye carnal.



Too couche not mounting of mayster vanquijher hoatfpur. But we, by croffe paffadge from flamed countrye remoued, Thee pryde of a jtripling and ymp of wrathful Achilles Haue borne with thraldoom, with fharp captiuitye fetterd,
340 Hee to fyne Hermionee, for Greeks a bootye to peereleffe, Daughter too Queene Helen, faft and hoat phantafye bended. Me his nyefe to his feruaunt Helenus ful firmelye betroathed. But yeet vnexfpected with ialofye kendled Oreftes For los of his beadmate, dyd take too tardye my mayfter
345 Hym by his fyers altars killing with fkarboro warning. When fro Neoptolemus thee vital jpirit abated This part was to Helenus by wylled parcerye lotted: Chaönian countreys of Troian Chaön ycleaped: This towne Troy citty, this castél eke Won highting.
350 But to the what paffadge thee winds and fortun alotted? Or what great deity tojt thee to our dejolat angel? How faers Afcanius? doth he liue, and breathful abydeth? Whom to the now Troytowne.
Dooth the los of moother to the chielde bring jorreful anguifh?
355 Are fparcks of courradge in this yong progeny kendled J3y father Mneas, with his vncle martial Hector?
Theefe toyes fhee pratled mourning, griefs newlye refrefhing Thee whilft king Helenus, with a crowding coompanye garded, From towne to vs bufkling vs as his freends freendlye bewelcomd.
360 Vs to his new citty with curtefye cheereful he leadeth; With tears rief trickling faucing eeche queftion afked, I march on forward: and yoong Troy finelye refembling Thee big huge old monument, and new brooke Zanthus I knowledge. With the petit townegats fauoring thee principal old portes.
365 Alfo mye companions in country cittye be frollickt:
In toe the verye palaice thee Prince theym wholye receaueth. With whip cat bowling they kept a myrry caroufing, Thee goulden mazurs vp fkynckt for a bon viage hoyfing. There we dyd al foiourne two dayes: then a profperus hizling
370 Of fouth blaft, puffing on fayles dooth fummon vs onward.
Too thee Princely prophet thus I spake, hym freendlye requefting.
O facred Troian, thee light of mifterye darckned, Of Gods thee fpooksmate, thee truchman of holtod Apollo: By the God enftructed by ftars for to ominat eeche thing,
375 By flight and chirping byrds too prognofticat aptlye:
Poure foorth thy prophecy (for too mee profperus hazards Eeche found relligion foretold, mee to Italye pojting, Only on difpleafaunt foule f hapte byrd, the Harpye Celano



(Forwarns much mijchiefe too coom with danger us htmger)
380 In theeje jtormye perils too what jaulf porte jhal I take mee ?
King Helenus jlaughtring, with woont accujtomed heyfers, Peace craues of the Godhead, from front thee label vnhanging, Mee, by the hand, trembling hee leads to thye myfterye (Phcebus) Thee prieft this prophecy from Gods direction opned.,
385 Thow foon of holye Venus (for th'art by fetled apoinctment Of Gods mightye power to exployts most doughtye referued, Thus thy fate ejtablifht dooth reft, fo thye fortun is ordred) Of poincts fundrye wyl I to the fhape but a curtal abridgment, Too the eende in thye trauayl thow mayjt the more heedlye be lef fond, •
390 And paffe to Italian region, thus fhorÜye reherfing
Peece me ale prittye parings: for, too tel a fummarye total. Thee fat's king Helenus dooe bar, with luno the Saturne. Wheare thow fuppofest therefor, that here Italye faft by Dooth jtand, and myndeft too fayl with fpeede to that hauen:
395 With draw thy iudgment from that grof je cofmical erroure. Italy is hence parted by long crofje dangerus inpaths. In flud Trinacrian thy great oars muft deeplye be bathed, And the fea rough wurcking muft eeke with nauye be trauerst, And Circes Ifland fe ye muft with Limbo lake hellifh:
400 Ere ye fhal in faulf land of a nobil cittye be founder.
Glaunce I wyl at certeyn tokens, be ye watch ful in harckning. When ye fhal in fecret with care neere frefh water happen, Too spye bye thee banck fyeds a ftrange fow mightelye fized, Coompajed al roundly with fucklings thirtye to number,
405 White, with lillye colours fayre dect, fhee fhal be repofed On ground, dug dieting her mylckwhit farroed hoglings. Heere fhal ceafe thye labours: heere fhal thy cittye be buylded. Feare not thee manging fortold of burdfeat in hunger, Thee fats thee paf f age jhal fmooth, yea gould en Apollo,
410 If ye wyl hym fummon, fhal bee too the furth readye coomming. But this neere fetled country (that of Italy is holden Parcel) fee ye fhun yt: for theare Greeks. yreful ar harbourd. Heere the man of Locrus mounted fteepe ftatelye the townwals, And fields of Salent with trouping clujtered armye
415 Lyctius Idomeneus dooth keepe: jo duke Melibceus
Holds thee prittye Petil round coompast ftrong bye Phïloctect. Alfo when in faulfty from feas thy nauye fhal harboure, When rites relligious thow vowest on new fhaped altars, With purple vesture bee deckt, with purpil eke hooded,
420 Leajt that in aduauncing thee Gods with fyrye cole heating, Soom difmal vifadge foorth peake thee myfterye marring.



Thow with thy feloes obferue this cuftomed order. And bye thye fofterytee let theeje rites duelye be joojtred. With winds neere to Sicil when that thy nauye fhal enter, 425 And ftrayts fhal be opned neere craggy vnweildye Pelorus, With lifthand fayling to the liftfyde countrye be packing: What ftands on right fyde both land and channel abandon. Theefe fhoars were fundred by the plafh breache, fame fo doth vtter, (So things tranfitory by lengthned feafon ar eaten) 430 For when theefe countryes were grapied ioinctlye to geather,
Swift the fea with plafihing rufht in, townes terreblye drenchingi • Italye difioyncting with fhort ftreicts from Sicil Ifland,
Scylla doth on right fyde rough stand, and deadlye Charybdis On left hand fwelleth with broad iaws greedelye galping, 435 In to gutvpfouping three tymes thee flafh water angrye,
From paunch alfoe fpuing toe the fky the plafh haftlye receaued. But Scylla in cabbans with fneaking treacherye lurcketh, Clofe and flilye fpying, too flirt thee. nauye to rock bane. A man in her vifadge, then a virgin fayre fhe refembtefh 440 Downe to her gastlye nauel, lyke a whale from thee belye feeming. Monfterus, vnfeemely, then a tayle lyke a dolphin is added Iumbled vp of fauadge fel woulfs, with grijlye lol hanging. It wyl bee faulfer too paffe thee countrye Pachynus, With leafure Ungring, and far ftreicts crabbye to circW, 445 Than to be furprifed by Scylla in dungeon hellifh.
Whear curs barck bawling, with yolp yalpe fnarrye rebounding. Alfo yf king Helenus bee now for a truprophet holden, If fayth bee refiaunt, yf trouth to hym graunteth Apollo: Thow foon of heunlye Godeffe, this poinct I chieflye fhal vtter, 450 And befyde al warnings- eftfoons yt muft be repeated: Let lunoes-deitee with duitye be woorfhiped humble. Vnto her frame thy prayers, let myftreffe mightye be vanquifht With meekned prefents, and then lyke a conqueror happye From land Trinacrian thow fhalt bee to Italye pofted. 455 When ye in this paffadge too Cumas cittye fhal enter, And lake with rumbling forreft of facred Auerna, A braynfick propheteffe fe ye fhal, whom dungeon holdeth In ground deepe riueted, future haps and deftenye chaunhng. But yeet al her prophecyes in greene leaues nicelye be fcnbled, 460 In theefe jlipprye leaues what footh thee virgin auerreth, Shee frams in Poëtry: her ver fes in dungeon howfing, They keepe rancks ordred, with aray firft fetled abyding: But when on a fuddeyn thee doors winds blaftye doe batter, And theefe leaues greenifh with whifking lightlye be fcatterd,



465 Neauer dooth fhe laboure to reuoke her fliüered iffue,
Or to -place in cabban, theire floane lyms frefhlye reioyning.
Thus they fle, detefting thee lódge of giddye Sibylla: >
Heere for a fpirt linger, no good opportunitye fcaping.
(Al thogh thee to jeaward thy posting coompanye calleth, 470 And winds vaunce fully thy fayls with profperus huffing)
Poft to this prophete f je, let her help and foóth*be required.
Shee wyl geeue notice to the ftreight of al Italye dwellers:
How thow wifelye trauayls fhalt [hun, fhalt manfulye juffer.
Theare fhe wyl enstruct thee, thy paffadge fortunat ayding. 475 Theeje be juch od caueats, as I to the freendlye can vtter. ■ I
Foorth: and with thy valor let Troian glorye be mounted.
When this Princely prophet this counjayl faythfyl had eended,
Hee wyls that prefents of gould, ful weightelye poyfing,
Bee broght to our veffels, and therewith eke iuorye puUifht: 480 Plentye great of filuer with plate most jumptuus adding.
And a jhirt mayled with gould, with acrejted vp heimet.
Latelye Neoptolemus poffeft this martial armoure.
My father Anchifes rich prefents alfoe receaueth.
Horfes eke and captayns are jent. 485 And oars to oure veffels bee broght and weapon abundante.
Thee whilft Anchifes wyls that thee nauye be launched,
Leaft that in oure loytring oure paffadge lucky wer hindred.
Hym prophet of Phcebus dooth treat with dignitye peereleffe. Anchifes, whom ftatelye Venus tak's woorthye for hufband, 490 Thee charge of deitee, now twife from Troy ruin haled,
Italye fee yoonder: thither with nauye be fqudding.
How beyt theefe parcels in fayling muft be refufed;
Seeke the far and distant country declard of Apollo.
Fare ye wel, happye parent of a foon fo worthye; what oght els 495 Should I fay? what maks mee this gale fo fortunat hynder? Alfo good Andromachee, with laft departur al heauye,
Prefented veftures of gould most ritchlye bebroyded.
And my lad Afcanius with a Troian mantel adorning,
Weau'd wurcks thwackt with honor, to her gifts this parlye fhe licketh. 500 Take, mye boy, theefe tokens by myn owne hands finnifhed holye.
Let thefe of Andromachee thee good wyl teftifye lafting.
Cherrifh theefe prefents by the pheere to the tendred of Hector.
O next Aftianax thee type by me chieflye belooued,
In vifadge, looking, eke in hands thee fuUye rejembling. 505 Who had ben, yf hee liued, for yeers now youthlye thine equal.
. I for a long farewel this f onnet forroful vttred.
Rest ye ftil heere bleffed, that now youre fortun haue eended:



Wee to future mifchiefe from formoure danger ar hurled. You rest in fre quiet, thee feas you need not vpharrow. 510 You reek not, to trauayle, that back goeth, Italye jerching.
Heere the image of Zanthus ye behold, and prittye Troy buylded By youre Princelye labours, and too this new fhaped engyn Thee Gods fend fortune, fro affaultes too fortifye Greekifh. If that I too Tybris with neere but countrye fhal enter, 515 And that I fhal fortune to behold thee towne by me founded: Italye with the Epeire, too both king Dardanus author, Shal be knit in freendfhip, making of two pepil one Troy. This leage eke of felo fhip fhal bee manteyned of iffue.
Foorth we goa too the feaward, wee fayle bye Ceraunia fwiftly. 520 Wheare too ioynvtlye mearing a cantel of Italye neereth.
Thee whilste thee junbeams are mafkt, hyls darcklye be muffled: Wee be put hard ioygning to the boofom of countrye requyred. Oure jelfs wee cherifht, oure members flumber atached. Not yeet was mydnight ouerhyed, when that Palinurus, 525 From bed nimblye fleeth, too fe in what quarter yt huffeth: How ftands thee wind Mast, with listning tentiue he marcketh, Thee lights starrye noting in globe celestial hanging: Thee jeun ftars ftormy, twife told thee plowstar, eke Arcture, Alfo fad Orion, with goulden flachet, in armoure. 530 When that he perceaued, thee coaft to be cleere, then he fummond Oure men too fhip boord, thee camp wee fwiftlye remooued. Foorth we take oure paffadge, oure fayles ful winged vp hoysting. Thee ftars are darckned, glittring Aurora refhined. Wee doe fe jwart mountayns, we doe gaze eke at Italye dymmed. 535 Italye loa yoonder, firft, Italye, jhowted Achates. ■ Italye land naming, lykewije thee coompanye greeted. Then father Anchifes a goold bout ma/3ye becrowning, With wyne brym charged, thee Gods celeftial hayleth, In fhip thus fpeaking. 540 You Gods, of jayling, of land ftats mightye remayning, Graunt to vs milde paffadge, and tempest mollifye roughning.
Sweete gales are breathing, and porte neere feated apeereth: t In the typ of mountayne thee temple of hautye Minerua Glad we fpye: thee mariners ftrike fayles, and roa to the fhoareward. 545 The hauen from the eaftcoast, in bowewife, crooked apereth. Thee rocks fternelye facing with fait fluds fpumye be drumming. Downe the rood is lurcking, yeet two peers loftye run vpward From stoans lyke turrets: fro the fhoare thee tempil auoydeth, Heere for a firft omen fowre fayre fteeds fnow whit I marcked, 550 Thee pafture jhredding in fields; this countrye doth offer,



Quod father Anchifes, garboyls, fo doe fignifye war steeds. Yeet ftay: the felf horfes in waynes erst ioinctlye were hooked, . Al yoked, and matchlyke teamed with common agreement. This loa, quod hee bringeth firme hoape for peaceable A)fadge. 555 Then we honored Pallas, that graunted a luckye beginning: Alfo before the altars oure heads with purpil ar hooded, In Troy rites, Helenus faythful direction holding. And with fetled honor thee Greekifh luno we woorfhipt. Heere we doe not lynger; thee vowd follemnitye finnijht, 560 Vp we gad, owt Jpredding oure fayls and make to the feaward: Al creeks mistruftful with Greekifh countrye refufing. Hercules his dwelling (yf'bruite bee truelye reported) Wee fe, Torent named, to which heunlye Lacinia fronteth, And Caulons caftels we doe spy, with Scylla the wreckmake. 565 Then far of vplandifh we doe view thee fird Sicil Mtna. And a feabelch grounting on rough rocks rapfulye frapping Was hard, with ramping bounce clapping neer to the feacoaft Fierce the waters rüffle, thee fonds with wroght flud ar hoyjed. Quod father Anchifes, heere loa that fcuruye Charybdis, 570 Theefe ftoans king Helenus, theefe ragd rocks ruftye fore vttred.
Hence hye, mye deere feloes, duck the oars, and ftick to the tacklings.
Thus fayd he, then fwiftly this his heast thee coompanye practife. Firft thee pilot Palinure thee fteerd fhip wrigs to the lifthand. Right fo to thee fame boord thee maysters al wrye the veffels. 575 VP we fle too jkyward with wild fluds hautye, then vnder Wee duck too bottom with waues contrarye repreffed. Thus thrife in oure diuing thee rocks mofte horribly roared: And thrife in oure mounting to the ftars thee furges vs heaued. Thee winds and foonbeams vs, poore fouts weerye, refufed, 580 And to foyl of Cyclops with wondring iournye we roamed. A large roade fenced from.rough ventojitye bluftring.
But neere ioynctlye brayeth with rufflerye rumboled Mtna. Soomtyme owt yt balcketh from bulck clowds grimlye bedymmed. Lyke fyerd pitche fkorching, or flafh flame fulphurus heating: • 585 Flownce to the ftars towring thee fire, lyke a peUet, is hurled, Ragd rocks vp raking: and guts of mounten yrented From roote vp hee iogleth: ftoans. hudge /lag motten he rowfeth: With route fnort grumbling, in bottom flafh furye kendling. Men fay that Enceladus with bolt haulf blafted here harbrouth, 590 Dingd with this fquifing and maffiue burthen of Mtna,
Which pres on hym nayled from broached chymnye ftil heateth.
As oft as the giant his broyld fyds croompeled altreth,
So oft Sicil al fhiuereth, there with flaks fmoakye be fparckled.



That night in forrest to vs pouke bugs gastlye be tendred. 595 Thee caufe wee find not, for noife phantastical offred. Thee ftars imparted no light, thee welken is heauye: And the moon enfhryned with clofet clowdye remayned.
Thee morning brightneffe dooth lufter in east feat Eöus, And night fhades moysturs glittring Aurora repealeth. 600 When that on a fuddeyn we behold a windbeaten hard fhrimp, With lanck wan vifadge, with rags iags patcherye clowted, His fifts too the fkyward rearing: heere wee ftood amazed. A meigre leane rake with a long berd goatlyke; aparrayld In fhrub weeds thorny: by his byrth a Grecian holden. 605 One that too Troy broyls whillon from his countrye repayred. When the fkrag had marcked far a loof thee Troian atynng. And Troian weapons, in steps he ftutted, apaled: And fixt his footing, at leingth with defperat offer Too the fhore hee neered, theefe fpeeches merciftU vttring. 610 By stars I craue you, by the ayre, by the celical houfhold,
Hoyfe me hence (O Troians) too fum oother countrye me whirrye. Playnelye to fpeake algats, for a Greeke my felf I doe knowledge, And that I too Troytowne with purpofed emnitye fayled. If this my trefpaffe now claymeth duelye reuengment 615 Plunge me deepe in the waters, and lodge me in Neptun his harboure. If mens hands flea mee, fuch mannifh flaughter I wifh for.
Thus fayd he, downe kneeling, and oure feete mournefuly clafptng. Then we hym defyred first too difcoouer his offprmg, After too manifeft this his hard and deftenye bitter. 620 My father Anchifes gaue his hand to the wretch on a fuddeyn, And with al a pardon, with faulfe protection, offred. Thee captiue, /haking of feare, too parlye thus entred.
Borne I was in the Itacan countrey, mate of haples Vliffes, Named Achcemenides, my fyre alfo cald Adamaftus, 625 A good honeft poore man (would we in that penurye lasted) Sent me toe youre Troywars, at last my coompanye fkared From this countrye cruel, dyd pofting leaue me behynde theym, In Cyclops kennel, thee layftow dirtye, the foule den. In this griflye palaice,' in forme and quantttye mightye, 630 Paipable and groapïng darekneffe.with murther aboundeth Hee doth in al mifchiefe furpaffe, hee mounts to the fky top. (Al the heunly felofhip from the earth fuch a monster abandon) Hard he is too be viewed, too fe hym no perfon abydeth. Thee blud with the entrayls of men, by hym flaughtred, he gnaweth. 635 And of my feloes I faw that a couple he grapled
On ground fow grooueling, and theym with villenye crufihed,



At flint hard da/3hing, thee goare blood jpowteth of eeche fyde, And fwyms in the thrafhold I jaw flefh bluddye toe flauer' When the cob had maunged the gobets foule garbaged haulf e quick.
640 Yeet got he not fhotfree, this butcherye quighted Vliffes:
In which doughtye peril the Ithacan mofte wifelye bethoght hym. For the vn/auerye rakhei with coUxyps bludred yfrancked, With chuffe chaff e wynefops lyke a gourd bourt-oehoe replennifht, His nodil in croffewife wrefting downe droups to the growndward,
645 In belche galp vometing with dead jleape fnortye the collops, Raw with wyne foujed, we doe pray toe fupernal afemblye, Round with al embaying thee muffe maffe loller; eke hastlye With toole fharp poincted wee boarde and perced his oane light, That ftood in his lowring front gloommifh malleted onlye.
650 Lyke Greekifh tergat gliftring ,or Phcebus his hornebeams. Thus the death of feloes on a lout wee gladlye reuenged. But fe ye flee caytiefs, hy ye hence, cut fwiftlye the cables. Pack fro the fhoare.
For fuch as in prifon thee great Polyphemus is holden, 655 His fheepflocks foddring, from dugs mylck thriftelye fquifing,
Thee lyke heere in mountayns doo randge in number an hundred,
That bee curfd Cyclopes in naming vfual highted.
Thee moone three feafons her paffadge orbical eended
Sence I heere in forreft and cabbans gaftlye dyd harboure, 660 With bestes fel faluadge: and in caues ftoanye Cyclopes
Dayty I fe, theire trampling and yelling heüifh abhorring.
My jelf I dieted with floas, and ihinlye with hawthorns,
With mast, and with roots of eeche herb I fwadgde my great hunger.
I pryed al quarters, and first this nauye to fhoare ward 665 Swift, I fcryed, fayling too which my felf I remitted,
Of what condicion, what country fo eauer yt had beene.
Now tis fufficient that I fkape fro this horrïbil Ifland.
Mee rather extinguifh with foom blud murther or oother. Scant had he thus fpoaken: when that from mountenus hil toppe 670 Al wee fee the giaunt, with his hole flock lowbylyke hagling.
Namde the fhepeherd Polyphem, to the wel knowne fea fyd aproching.
A fowle fog monfter, great fwad, depriued of eyejight.
His fifts and stalcking are propt with trunck of a pynetree.
His flock hym doe folow, this charge hym chieflye reioyceth. 675 In grief al his coomfort on neck his whiftle is hanged.
When that too the feafyde thee fwayne Longolius hobbled,
Hee rinft in the water thee droffe from his late bored eyelyd.
His tufk grimlye gnafhing, in feas far waltred, he groyleth:
Scantly doo the water furmounting reache toe the fhoulders.



680 But we being feared, from that coaft haftlye remooued, And with vs embarcked thee Greekifh fuitur, as ampiye His due request merited, wee chopt of foftlye the cables Swift wee fweepe the feafroth with nimble lustilad oare ftnefe. Thee noije he perceaued, then he turning warelye Itfteth.
681 But when he confiderd, that wee preuented hts handhng And that from foloing oure fhips thee fluds hye reuockt hym, Loud the lowbye brayed with belling monfterus eccho:
Thee water hee fhaketh, with his owt cryes Italye trembleth. And with a thick thundring thee fyerde fordge Mtna rfbounded. 600 Then runs from mountayns and woods thee rownfeual helfwarme Of Cyclopan lurdens to the fhoars in coompanye clustnng. Far we fe theym distaunt: vs grimly and vaynely beholding. Vi> to the fky reatching, thee breetherne fwifh fwafh of Mtna. A folck moafte fulfoom, for fight mofte fitlye refemblmg 605 trees of loftye cipers, with thickned multttud oakroas: Or Ioues great forreft, or woods of mightye Diana. Feare thear vs enforced with pofting fpeedines headlong Too fwap of oure cables, and fal to the feas at auenture But yeet king Helmus iumptwixt Scylla and the Charybdis 700 For to fayl vs monifhed, with no great dangerus hazard. Yeet we wer ons mynded, backward thee nauye to mayfter. Heere loa behold Boreas from- bouch of north blo Pelorus Oure fhips ful chargeth, thee quick rocks ftoanye we paffed: And great Pantagia, and Megarus with Tapfus hts Ifland. 705 Theefe foyls fore wandred to oure men were truelye related By Poore Achamenides, mate too thee luckles Vliffes. Face too countrye Sicil theare ftands a dangerus Ifland Plemmyrium ftormy, but yt old paft auncetrye cleaped Ortygia: Alpheus, men fay, thee great flud of Elts 710 Vnder feabottoms this paffadge ferreted, <^™>»
Swift fro Arethufa going meets in fluds of Stctl Lflana That country deitee, thogh wild, wee woorfhtf ed and thence Wee fayld and trauayled to the coaft of ferttl Elorus. Then we grate on rockrayes and bancks of ftoanye Pachynus, 715 And Camarina riuer, to remooue by deftenye barred. Alfo we through paffed thee fields of ftatelye Gelous. And thee mightye water, by cuftoom great Gela named TheZ stTJg buylt Agragls his huge high wals hftdye vaunceth, That fteeds courrageous with racebrood plenttful offred. 720 And with-lyke fayling wee paffe thee wooddye Sehnts:. And deepe gulfs fyncking of blind Lilybeia rockifh After too Drepanus bad roade not luckye we fayled.



Heere loa being jcapei from rough tempestuus huffling,
My father Anchifes, in cares my accustomed helper, 725 I looje: 6 my father, wyl you fórfake me, thus eending
My toyls and my trauayls, why then dyd I mayjter al hazards?
Nor propheting Helenus, when he foretold dangerus hard haps
Forfpake this burial mourning, nor filthye Celoeno.
This was laft my laboure, thee knot cla/pt of myn auentures. 730 From thence God mee fhoou'd too this your gratius empyre. Thus father Mneas foly toe the coompanye lijtning
His long dryrye viadge, and Gods fel deftenye chaunted.
At leingth kept he filence, with finnifhed hiftorye refting.
Finis libri tertij



THEE FOVRTH
BOOKE OF VIRgil his £neis.
Bvt the Queene in meane while with carks quadare AeeVe angüifht, Her wound fed by Venus, with firebayt fmoldred ts hooked. Thee wights doughtye manhood leagd with genttlytye nobil His woords fitlye placed, with his heunly phifnomye pleaftng, < March throgh her hert mustring, al in her breft deepelye fhe prtnteth. Theefe carcking cratchets her fleeping natural hynder. Thee next day foloing Phcebus dyd clarifye brightlye Thee world with lufter, watrye fhaads Aurora remooued, - When to her deere fister, with woords, haulf gyddye fhe raueth. io Sifter An, I merueyle, what dreams mee terrefye napping What newcoom trauayler, what gueft in my harborye lighted? How braue he dooth court yt? what ftrength and coorrage he carryes? I beleue yt certeyn (ne yet hold I yt vaynelye reported) That fro the great linnadge of Gods his pettegre fhooteth. 15 Feare fhews pitfle crauens: good God, what deftenye wayward Hath the man endured? what bickrings bitter he paf fed? . Had not I forefnaffled my mynde by votarye promife Not toe yoke in wedlock too no wight earthlye mye perfon, When my firft felofhip by murther beasÜye was eended, 2o Had not l fuch daliaunce, fuch pipUng bedgle renounced Haplye this oane faulty trefpas might bring me toe bending An (toe the my meaning and mynd I doe playnelye fet open) Sence the death of my hufband, too wyt, the Stchceus mhappye, Sence mye cruel broother defilde the domesttcal altars: o*. Onlve this od sallani hath bowd my phanfye toe lyking, 5 A^loo Jhath gayned: thee fkorcht ftep of old fyre I fauoure. But firft with vengaunce let the earth mee fwallo toe bottom, Or father omnipotent with lightnings dyng me toe lymbo And to Erebus fhading darekneffe, too. dungeon. hellifh, 30 Eare that I fhal thye ftatutes (6 fhamefaft chaftitye) cancd Hee, that first me yoked for wiefe, dyd carrye ™yjrf}00™> Ha dlye let hym fhrowd yt, clofe clafpt in graue let yt harboure^ When fhe thus had fpöaken, with tears her breft fhe replenn fht.
Then fayd An (6 fifter, than light more deerely belooued) Wvl ve Itil in pining youre youthful toylttye ftiefle. 35 Wyl ye Zt haue children, nor fweete Venus happye rewardtngs?



Weene ye that oure lyking a fcalp of a charuel In heedeth? Graunt, earst that noe woer could catche youre phanfye to wedlock, Nor Lybye land lordinges, ne by Tyre defpi fed .Iarbas, 40 Nor manye ftat's lofty, that reft in plentiful Af f riek:
Wyl ye ftil endeuoure with pleafd looue vaynelye to iuftle? Wyl ye be forgetting in what curft countrye ye foiourne? Heere towns of Gettds doo ftand, a nation hardye, Heere ye fit embayed with Moors, with Syrtis vnhowfed. 45 Theare pepil of Barcey through foale wyld barrenes harboure. What fhal I tel further, what broyle Tyrus angrye doth hammer. What threats your broother thunders. I thinck, that the Godhead, with Iu-noes profperus ayding, Thee Troian veffels too this youre fegnorye pelted. 50 Loa what a fayre citty flial mount, what ftablifhed empyre By this great wedlock: with might of the vnitye Troian. How far fhal be flèing thee glorie renowmed of Affrick. Of Gods craue pardon, then, when youre feruice is eended, Youre new guest frollick, his stay let forgerye linger, 55 Til winters lowring bee paft and rayne make Orion. Til they rig al veffels, vntil tyme stormye be fwaged.
With theefe woords flaming her breft was kendled in hoallooue: Shee graunts to her tottring mynd hoape, fhame bafkful auoyding. First to the church god they, rest and peace meekelye requefting, 60 In facrifice killing, by woont accuftomed, hogrels: Firft to Ceres makelaw, too Phcebus, then to Lyceüs: Chieflye to- Queene luno, that wedlocks vnitye knitteth. Thee bol in hand firmely Queene Dido ,the bewtiful, holding, Pourd yt a mydjt both thé horns peaking of lillye white heyfer. 65 Soomtyme to the altars, diftant, of Gods fhe reforteth:
And makes frefh facrifice, the catal, new flaughtered, heeding. Shee weens her fortune by guts, hoate fmoakye, to confter. O the fuperftitions of be'ldam trumperye footh fays. Now what auayle temples, or vows, whilft deepelye the flamd fire 70 Kendleth in her marrow, whilft wound in breft cel is aking. Dido, thfi wretch, burneth, neere mad through cittye fhe ftalketh: Much lyke a doa wounded too death, not marcked of heerdman, His dart fharp headed through forreft Cajjian hurling, On the doa iump lighteh by foom chaunce medlye: the weapon, 75 Thee bodye fore ranckling dooth ftur thee deere to the frithward, Or to falow ftraining, in corps thee deadlye staf hangeth.
Often about thee wals Mneas flilye fhe trayneth: Too welth Sidonian poincting, too cittye nere eended. Her bye tale owt hauking amyd oft her party e fhe chocketh.



80 Soomtyme fhe inuites theym too deynty bancquet in eeuening: Now fresh agayne crauing of Troian toyle the recital, From lyps of Chronicler with blincking liftenes hanging. When they be departed, when light of moonefhine is houfed, And stars downe gliding at due tyme of flumber ar ayming, 85 Restles aloane fobbing on left benche foalye fhe fytteth: Her felfe not prefent fhe both hyers and fees the man abfent, Or the flip Afcanius (for fainct thee fhrinecafe adoring) Shee cols for the father: with buffe to lenifye loouefits. Thee towrs new founded mount not, thee coompanye youthful 90 Surceafe from warfeats, there toyls no fwincker in hauen; Nor mafon in bulwarck: wurcks interrupted ar hangtng. And wals hudge menacing, thee fky top in altitud eeuening. . When the plage of pacient thee fpoufe of Iuppiter heeded, And noe reporte wandring thee looue furye kendled abated, OS Thus toe Venus turning fpake thee Saturnical empreffe.
A praife of high reckning, eke a catche to be greaÜye renowmedYou with youre pricket purchast, loa the victorye famoufe: With two Gods packing one woomman fellye to coofen. Wel dyd I know, miftreffe, that you my great harborye feared, 100 Mightelye mistrusting thee feats of Carthage, hye mounted.
When fhal, Hoa, bee fhouted? too what drift feede we thts anger ? Why be we not forward theefe mat's too marrye to geather And a leage eternal conclude? thy long wifh is hefted. Dido with hertlyking dooth burne, her boans furye frettéth. 105 Let theefe fundrye pefils theare for bee lincked in one loare. Alfo let oure Dido vayle her hert too bedfeloe Troian: And Tyrian kingdooms to the fhal, for dowrye, be graunted.
Then to her (for wifely fhee found thee treacherye feined Too fetch too Tyrians the great empyre of Italye woorckmg) 110 Thus Venus her fpeeches dyd bend. What niddipol hare brayne Would fcorne this couenaunt? would with thee gladlye be larrmgP If fo this happye trauayle fhal fo be with happines ayded. But fates mee stamering doo make, yf Iuppiter holdeth Best, that the Tyrians and Troian progenye couple, . 115 That they be conioigned, that both they freendlye be leaged. You to hym bee spoufed: thee trouth with pillotoy ferret. On before, and I folow. Too this ladye luno replyed.
That labor I warrant. Now by what craftinis are wee Too wurck this ftratagem: marck wel, for I brieflye wyl open. 120 Thee Prince Mneas and eke Queene Dido the poore foule For to hunt in f arrest too mono be fullye refolued, So foon as in eaft coafte with bright beams Titan apeereth.



Then wyl I round coompaffe with clowd grim foggye the je hunters. When they fhal in thickets thee coouert maynelye be drawing.
125 Al the fkye jhal ruftte with thumping thunderus hurring. Thee men I wyl j cutter, they fhal be in darcknes al hooueld . Dido and thee Troian captayne jhal iumble in one den. If with his my trauayle thy mynd and phanfye be meeting Then wyl I thee wedlock with firmê affinitye fasten:
130 This fhal bee the bryde hymne. To the drift Venus, vttred, agreed, Smoothlye with al fimpring, too groape fuche treacherus handling.
Thee whilft thee dawning Aurora fro the Ocean haftned, And the May frefh yoonckers to the gales doo make there afemblye With nets and catch toyls, and huntspears plentiful yrond:
135 With the hounds quick f enting, with pricking galloper horfman. Long for thee Princeffe thee Moors ,gentilitye wayted, As yet in her pincking not pranckt with trinckerye trinckets: As they ftood attending. thee whilft her trapt genet hautye Deckt with ritche fcarlet, with gould ftood furniture hanging,
140 Praunfeth on al ftartling, and on byt gingled he chaumpeth. At leingth foorth fhe fleeth with fwarming coompanye circled, In cloke Sidonical with rich dye brightlye befprinckled. Her locks are broyded with gould, her quiuer is hanging Backward: with gould tache thee vefture purple is hólden.
145 Thee band of Troians lykewije, with wanton Iülus Doo marche on forward: but of al thee Lucifer heunly e In bewty Mneas hymjelf to the coompanye rancketh.' Lyke when as hard frozen Lycia and Zanth floods be relinquifht By Pheebe, to Delos, his naiiue contrye feat, hastning.
150 Hee poinctes a dawnjing, foorth with thee rustical hoblobs Of Cretes, of Dryopes, and payncted clowns Agathyrji Dooe fetch theyre gambalds hopping neere confecrat altars. Hee trips on Zanthus mountayn, with delicat hearelocks Trayling: with greene fhrubs and pure gould neatly becrampound
*55 His fhafts on fhoulder rattle: the lyke hautye refemblaunce Carried Mneas with gliftring coomlines heunly e.
When they toe thee mountayns and too layrs vncoth aproched, Then, loa, behold ye. breaking thee goats doo trip fro the rocktops Neere toe the playne: the heard deare dooth ftray ff8 mounten vnharbourd.
160 Thee chafe is enfued with paffadge dustye bepowdred.
But the lad A fcanius, with praunfing cour f er hye mounted, Dooth manage in volley, now theym, now theefe ouerambling. Hee fcornes theefe rafcal tame games, but a founder of hogsteers, Or thee brownye lion too ftalck fro mounten he wifüheth.
165 Thee whilft in the fkye feat great bouncing rumbelo thundring



Ratleth: downe powring too fleete thick hayle knob is added. Thee Tyrian felojhip with yoouthful Troian afemblye And Venus hautye nephew doo run too fundrye jet houfes. Hudge fluds lowdlye freaming from mountayns loftye be trowlling, 170 Dido and thee Troian captayne doo iumble in one den.
Then the earth crau's the banes, theare too watrye luno, the chaplayne, Seams vp thee bedmatch, the fyre and ayre teftifie wedlock. And Nymphs in mountayns high typ doe fqueak, hullelo, yearning: That day cros and difmal was caufe of mijchief al after, 175 And bane of her killing; lier fame for fleight fhe regarded.
No more dooth fhe laboure too mafk her Phanfye with hudwinck, With thee name of wedlock her carnal leacherye cloaking, Straight through towns Lybical this fame with an infamye rangeth. Fame the groyl vngentil, then% whom none fwifter is extant; 180 Limber in her whifking: her streingth in iournye fhe trebbleth; First lyke a fhrimp fquatting for feare, then boldlye fhe roameth On ground prowd ietting: fhee foars vp nimblye toe fkyward; The earth, her dame, chauffing with graund Gods celical anger, Litterd this leueret, the fyb, as men fundrye reherfed, 185 Too the giant Cceus, fifter to fwad Encelad holden.
Furth fhe quicklye galops, with wingflight fwallolyke haftning. A foule fog pack paunch: what feathers plumye fhe beareth, So manye fquint eyebals fhee keeps (a relation vncofh) So manye tongues dapper, with her ears and lip labor eeuened. 190 In the dead of nighttyme to the fkyes fhee flickereth, howling
Through the earth fhade fkipping, her fight from flumber amooumg. Whilft the fun is fhyning the bagage clofe lodgeth in houfroofs, Or tops of turrds, with feare towns loftye fhe frighteth. As readye forgde fittons, as true tales vaynelye toe twatüe. 195 Thee pepil in iangling this raynebeaten harlotrye filled: Meerelye furth chatting feats paft, and feats not atempted. That the duke Mneas from Troians auncdrye fprouting, In Lybye coaft landed, with whom fayre Dido, the Princeffe, Her perfon barterd, and that they both be refolued, 200 Thee winter feafon too waft in leacherye wanton.
Retchles of her kingdoom, with rutting bitcherye fauted. This that prat'pye cadeffe labored too trumpet in eeche place.
Furth fhe fleeth pofting to the kingly rector Iarbas. With the brute enflaming his mynd fhe doth huddle on anger. 205 Soon to the Prince Amman, Garamans thee fayrye ,bye rapefnacht, His moother named; this king too Iuppiter heunly Temples twije fifty dyd buyld, lyke number of altars, With fire continual theefe feats too confecrat vfing,



With the blud, of facrifice flbating, with delicat herbflowrs.
210 Netled with theefe brackye nouels as wild as a tnarche hare In the myd of the Idols (men tel) neere furnifhed altars, Theefe woords, vplifting both his hands, he toe Iuppiter vttred. Iuppiter almighty, whom men Maurufian, eating On the tabils vernifht} with cuprit's magnifye dulyé:
215 Eyest thow this fiühood? fhal wee, father heunly e, be carelejje Of thy claps thundring? or when fiers glimrye be lijted In clowds grim gloomming with bounce doo terrif ye worldlings? A coy tyb, as vagabund in this my fegnorye wondring, That the plat of Carthage from mee by coofinage hooked,
220 T'whom gaue I fayre tilladge, and eeke lawes needful enacted, Hath fcornd my wedlock: Mneas lord fhe reteyneth. Now this jmocktoy Paris with berdleffe coompanye wayted, With Greekifh coronet, with falling woommanifh hearelocks Lyke fieft hound mylckfop trimd vp, thee victorye catcheth.
225 And wee beat the bufhes, thee ftil with woorfhip adoring. Onlye for oure feruice soom pray fed vanitye gleaming.
Thee prayer of playntiefe, grappling thee confecrat altars, Iuppiter hard; foorth with to, the courte hee whirled his eyefight, And viewd theefe bedmat's no found reputation heeding.
230 With woords imperial thus he jpeaks and Mercurye chargeth.
Flee my sun, and bufk on, let fweete winds fwiftlye be foommond, And toe the duke Troian, that vaynelye in Carthage abydetK, Thee towns neglecting, that to hym fet destenye lotteth, Theefe woords deliuer, from mee to hym carrye this errand.
235 His paragon moother to vs framd a promife of hudgger Accoumpt and reckning, then he now perfourmeth, vpon that Hoape future expected, from Troy flam's twife fhe reliu'd hym. Too me fhe dyd promife, that he fhould bee the emperor hautye, That would, with bickring, fierce martial Italye vanquifh:
240 Thee Troian famely with wide fpread glorye reuiuing: And globe of al regions with laws right equitye bridle. Too feats fo valiant yf that no glorye doth hafthym, Or to hym thee catching of fame fo woorthye be toyle soom: Shal, by syre, Afcanius from Roman cittye be loytred?
245 What doth he for ge? wherefore wil he reft in countrye fo freendleffe? Why the Lauin regions, and ftock, he fo flilye reputeth? Thee fea let hym trauerfe: this is al: to hym fignifye this muche.
loue fayd: eke hee the f others commaund to accompliffe apoincteth. Firft of al his woorcking too his feete fhooes goulden he knitteth,
250 By which he with wind blaft ruffling oft flittereth vpward, Wheather he land regions or rough feas furgye doth harrow.



His rod next he handleth: by which from the helly Bocardo Touzt tost fouts he freeth: diuerfe to the prifon he plungeth. Hee caufeth fleeping and bars: bye death eyelyd vphasping. 255 With the rod eke he fhèareth thee winds, and fcattereth high clowds. As thus he dyd flicker, thee top wyth fideryb of Atlas Hee fees, that proppeth, with crowne, the fupemal Olympus, Atlas, whofe pallet with pynetrees plentiful hooueld, In grim clowds darckned, with fhowrs and windpuf is haunted. 260 Thee fnoa whit his fhoulders dooth cloath, fluds mightye be rowling From the chyn oldlye riueld, his beard with frost hoare is hardned. Firft on this mounteyn thee winged Mercurie lighted: From thence too the waters his courfe hee bended al headlong. Muche lyke a byrd nejtled neere fhoars or defolat hilrocks: 265 Not to the fky maynely, but neere fea meanelye fhe flickreth. So with a meane paffadge twixt fky and fea Mercurye flideth To Lyby coaft fandy; thee fharp wynds fpeedelye fhauing, Mercurye thee Cyllen, bye the mount Cyllene begotten. On Lyby land tenements with winged feete when he lighted, 270 Hee fpyed Mneas new caftéls thriftelye founding,
And howfrowms altring: hee woare then a gorgeus hanger With iafpar yellow: hee fhynde with mantel ypurpled, • From fhoulders trayling: this braue roabe Dido, the ritch Queene, Soalye with her handwurck dyd weaue: with gould wyre yt heaping. 275 Mercurye thus greets hym: Now fir; you wholye be careful Too found new Carthage, with youre braue bedfelo fotted You buyld a cittye, youre owne ftate flilye regarding. Now to the God {ent mee from fhining brightned Olympus, The God of al the godheads, managing heune and places earthlye, 280 Hee gaue commaundement, too thee too carrye this erraund.
What doe ye for ge? wherefore thus vaynely in land Lybye mitche you Too feats ful valiant yf that no glorye doth egge the, Or toe the thee catching of fame foo woorthye be toyl foom, Ca ft care on Ajcanius rifing, of the heyrs of Iülus. 285 Tw'hom the ftat Italian with Roman cittye belongeth.
When this round meffage thee Cyllen Mercurye whifperd, In myd of his parling from gazing mortal he fhrincketh: From lookers eyefight too thinnes he vannifhed ayrye. But the duke Mneas with fight fo geafon agafted, 290 His bufh ftarck jtaring with feare, cleene fpeecheles abyded. Hee to fle foare longeth, this fweet foyl ftreight to relinquifh, By Gods imperial monifhing auctoritye warned. Heere but alas he myred what courfe may be warelye taken; How fhal he too Princeffe, with looues hoat phrenfye reteyned,



295 Breake this cold mejfadge? what woords jhal jhape the beginning. From thee poost toe piler with thoght his rockt wyt he toffeth. Now to this od (tratagem, now too that counjeyl. alying. After long.mooting, this courfe for better he deemed. Mnestheus hee called, Sergeft 'and manlye Cloanthus,< 300 For to rig in f eer et theyre fhips, and coompanye fummon, With weapons ready: Thee caufe alfo of changabil hastning Deepelye toe diffemble: when eke opportunitye ferued, Whilft no breche of freendfhip thee good ladye Dido remembers, And due place of fpeaking fweetly with feafon is offred, -305 They would theire paffadge clofe fteale. Thee knightes agreed, With wil mofte forward, to hafte on too iournye refolued.
How beyt thee Princeffe (what wyle can iuggle a loouer?) Found owt this cogging: in thoght what firft fhe reuolued That toe doe they mynded: things ftanding faulflye fhe feareth. 310 Fame, the blab vnciuil, fosters her phanjye reciting,
That the fleete is ftrongly furnifht, theire paf f age apoincted. Deuoyd of afcounfayle fcolding through cittye fhe pioddeth. Mutch lyke Dame Thyas with great follemnitye sturred Of Bacchus third yeers feafting, when quaftyde aproacheth, 315 And fhowts in nighttyme doo ringe in loftye Cithceron. At last fhe Mneas thus, not prouoked, afaulteth
And thöghst thow, faythleffe coystrel, fo fmoothlye to fhaddow Thy packing practife? from my foyle priuelye ftincking? Shal not my lyking, ne yet ear ft fayth plighted in handclafpe, 320 Nor Didoes burial from this croffe iournye withold the? Further; in a winters foure, ftorme muft nauye be launched? Mind'st thow with northen bluffer thee mayne fea to trauerfe Thow crüel hert haggard? what? yf hence too countrye the paf f age ThowJook'st not ftranged: fuppofe Troy cittye remayned: 325 Through the fea fierce /welling would'st thow to Troy cittye be packïg? Shunst thow my prefence ? By theefe tear's, and bye thye righthand . (Sence that I, poore caytiefe, noght els to mye fel'f doe relinquifh) By the knot of wedlock, by looues follemnitye fealed, If that I deferued too fore foom kindnes, or ennye 330 Part of my per jon to the whillon pleafur afurded
To my ftate empayring let yeet foom mercye be tenderd. I doe craue (yf toe pray ers as yeet foom nouke be re ferued) Beat downe thy purpofe, thy mynd from iournye reclayming. For thy fake in Lybical regions and in Nemod hateful 335 I Hue: my Tyrian fubiectes purfue me with anger. For thy fake I ftayned whillon my chaftitye fpotleffe: And honor old batterd, to the .fky with glorye me lifting.



And now,. gueft, wheather doe ye fkud from deaths fit of hostace? That terme muft I borowe, fyth I dare not cal the myne hufband. 340 Why do I breath longer? fhal I liue til cittye mye broother Pigmalion ranfack? or too tyme I be prifoner holden By thee Getul Idrb ? yf yeet foom progenye from me Had crawld, by the fatherd, yf a cockney dandiprat hopthumb, Prittye lad Mneas, in my court, wantoned, ere thow 345 Took'st this filthye fleing, that thee with phifnomye lyckned, I ne then had reckned my felf for defolat owtcaste.
Shee fayd: he perfifting too doo what Iuppiter heafted, Sturd not an eye, graueling in his hert his forroful anguifh. At length thus briefly dyd he parle: I may not, I wil not 350 Deny thy beneficts ful as amply, as can be recounted, Vnto me deliu'red: fo long fhal I Dido remember, Whilft I my felf niynd fhal: whilst lyms with fpirit ar orderd. Brieflye for a weighty matter few woords I wil vtter. Neauer I foremynded (let not mee falflye be threpped) 355 For toe flip in fecret by flight: ne yet eauer I thraUed My felf too wedlock: I toe no fuch chapmenhed harckned. If toe mye mynd priuat my fatal fortun agreed, If fo that al forrows iump with my phanfye were eended, Then fhould bee chiefly bye me Troian cittye redreffed, 360 And kinreds rellicques woorfhipt: then fhould be renewed Thee courte of Priamus: yea thogh that victorye razed Theefe monuments, yet agayne by mee they fhould be repayred. But now to Italian kingdooms vs fendeth Apollo, And vs to Italian regions fet deftenye warneth. 365 Theare refts oure lyking: there eke oure wifht countrye remayneth. If ye be delighted, too fee new Carthage vp hoouering, And a MooreJn Morifh citty youre phanfye ye fettle: Why fo may not Troians theire courfe to good Italye coompaffe? What reajon embars theym, foom forreyn countrye to ferret? 370 Of father Anchifes thee goaft and griflye refemblaunce,
When the day dooth vannifh, when lights eke ftarrye be twinckltng, In fleepe mee monifheth, with vifadge buggifh he feareth.
And my fun Afcanius mee pricks. by me rightlye belooued: Whom from the Italian regions toe toe long I doe linger. 375 Latélye toe mee posted from loue thee truck fprit, or herraid Of Gods (thee deityes this footh too wytnes I fummon) Hee dyd, in expreffed commaund, to me meffage his erraund. I faw most liuely, when that neere towne wal he lighted; In this eare hee towted thee ffeeche. Ceafe therefor, I pray you, 380 Mee to teare, and alfo youre felf, with drirye reherfals.



Italye not willing I feeke.
Whilst he thus in pleading dyd dwel, fhee furlye beheeld hym: Heere fhe dothe her vifadge, thear fkew, eeche member in inchmeale In long mummye jilence limming: then fhrewdlye fhe fcoldeth. 385 No Godes is thye parent, nor th'wart of Dardanus offpring, Thow periurde faytoure: but amydst rocks^ Caucafus haggifh Bred the, with a tigers foure milck vnfeafoned, vdderd. What fhal I dijfemble ? what poincts more weightye referue I ? At my tears fhowring dyd he figh? dyd lie winck with his eyelyd? 390 Ons dyd he weepe vanquifht? dyd he yeeld ons mercye toe loouemate? - What fhal I firft vtter? wyl not graund luno with hastning, Nor thee father Saturne with his eyes bent rightlye behold this? Fayth quite is exiled: fro the fhoare late a runnagat hedgebrat, A tarbreeche quyftroune dyd I take, with phrenfye betrafihed 395 I placed in kingdoom, both fhips and coompanye gracing. Woa to me thus stamping, juich braynjick foolerye belching. Marck the fpeake, I pray you, wel coucht: Now fothtel Apollo, Now Lycian fortuns, from very Iuppiter heunlye A menacing meffage, by the Gods ambaffador, vttred. 400 Foorfooth; this thye viadge with care Saincts celical heapeth, Theire brayns vnquieted with this baldare be buzing. I ftay not thye body, ne on baw vaw tromperye defcant. Pack toe foyl Italian: croffe thee feas: fifh for a kingdoom. Verely, in hoape rest I (yf Gods may take duelye reuengment) 405 With gagd rocks coompaft, then vaynély, Dido, reciting, Thow fhalt bee punnifht. He with fyre fwartifh hop after. When death hath vntwined my foule from carcas his holding, I wyl, as hobgoblin, foloa thee: thow fhalt be foare handled: I fhal hyre, I doubt not, thy pangs in lymbo related. 410 Her talck in the mydel, with this last parlye, fhe throtled. And from his fight parted, with tortours queazye diforderd. Hym fhee left daunted with feare, woords duitiful hamring For to reply. The lady fowning mayds carrye to jmooth bed Of marble glittring, on beers her foftlye repofing. 415 But the good Mneas (al thogh that he cooueted hertlye, For to fwage her malady, with woords to qualifye forrows) In groans deepe fcalding, his kindmynd findged in hoatlooue, Yeet the wyl of the Godheads foloing, too nauye returneth. Thee Troian mariners now drudge: theire fïeet they doe lavnch foorth: 420 And veffels, calcked with roafen fmearye, be floating.
Vp they trus oars boughed with plancks vnfinnijhed, haftning From thence theire paffadge.
Now to the ftrond may ye fee from towne thee multitude hopping.



Much lyk when pifmers theire corne in granar ar hurding, 425 Careful of a winter nipping, in barns they be piling.
Thee blackgarde marching dooth wurck, in path way, ther harueft. Parte of theefe laborers on fhoulders carrye the burdens Of fhocks: foom grangers with goade iads restye be pricking, And fpur on ants lufkifh. with fwinck eeche corner aboundeth. 430 But toe the, poore Dido, this fight fo fkearye beholding, What feeling creepeth? what jobbing forroful hert figh In thy corps hized, when from towre, loftelye mounted, Thow faw'ft thee banckfydes coouerd, and right to thyne eyefight Thow faw'st feas ringing with cheering clamorus hoyffayle? 435 Scuruye looue, in pacients what moods thow mightelye forceft. Now fhe is conftrayned, too formoure tears toe be turning. With fuit frefhlye praying, too looue fhee tendereth hommage. No meane mattempted, ne vnfoght, ear that fhe dye, leauing. Sister An, in. clufter you fee thee coompanye /warming 440 On the fhoare in flockmeale: for wind theire fayles ar hoysted. On sterne thee mariners haue fetled meerelye garlands. If that I foremynded this greefe fo mifcheuus hapned, Then fhould I, fifter, moderat this forroful hazard. Yeet good An, I pray thee, doe me wretch this pleafure in one thing. '445 For the chiefe of woomen this breakeuow naughtye regarded, Chieflye to the hee wounted to recount his priuitye f eer et. His daps and fweetening good moods to the foalye were opned. Post to hym (good fifter) toe mye proud foa tel ye this erraund. I dyd not ranfack, with Greeks confpiracye, Troytowne. 450 Nor yet agaynst Troians fend I enny veffel apoincted. Nor father Anchifes boans crufht I, ne fcattred his afhes. What reafon hym leadeth to my fuite too boombas his hyring? Wheather is hee flilting? To his leefe pheere graunt he thts one boone, Too ftay for a better paffadge, for a profperus hufgale. 455 I clayme no old wedlock, that he fowly and falflye betrayed. Nor that he thee regiment doo loofe of his Italye kingdooms. I craue a vayne refpit, but a fpirt toe mye phrenfye relenting,^ Til my fate hath fchooU mee too mourne my deftenye drowptng. Theefe I craue in pardon for last (yeeld mercye to fister) 460 Which when you tender, toe mye death that fhal be requighted. In this wife fhe prayed: Juch tears her fifter vnhappye Dooth to and fro carry: but he with no tearedrop is altred: Nor to vayne entreatings with liftning tractable harekneth. Thee fat's are pugnant, God, his ears quight ftifned in hardneffe. 465 Much lyke as in forrest a long fet dottrel, or oaktree, With northen blufters too paris contrayrye retoffed:



Thee winds jcold ftrugling, the thre/hing thick cru/h crafh is owtborne, Theeboughs frap whurring, when /tem with blaftbob is hacked: Yeet the tre ftands jturdy: for as yt toe the fkytyp is haunced, 470 So far is yt crampornd with roote deepe dibled at heigat's: So this courragióus gallant with cluftered erraunds Is cloyed and jtinging (harp car's in brest doe lye thrilling. His mynd vnuariant doth (tand, tears vaynelye doe gutter: Dido the poore Princejje gauld with fuch deftenye cutting, 475 Crau's mortal paffadge: too looke toe the fky fhe repyneth. And toe put her purpofe forward, this light toe relinquifh, i When fhe the gift fcarifice with the incenfe burned on altars (Griflye to bee fpoaken) thee moyfture fwartlye was altred: And the wyne, in powring, lyke blood black footifh apeered. 480 This too no creature, no, not to her fifter is opned.
Further eke in the palaice a chapel fayre marbil abydeth, Vowd to her firft hufband, which cel fhee woorfhiped highfye. With whit lillye flefes, with garland greenifh adorned: Heere to her ful feeming fhe dyd hyre thee clamor of elfifh , 485 Goajt of her old hufband, her furth to his coompanye wafting,
When the earth with thee fhaads of night was darcklye bemuffled. Alfo on thee turrets the fkrich howle, lyke fetchliefe yfetled, Her burial roundel dooth ruck, and cruncketh in howling. Sundrye fuch od prophecy es, many fuch prognofticat omens, 490 In foretyme coyned, theire threatnings terrible vtterd. Yea cruel JEneas in dreame to her feemeth apeering, Her furious chafing: her (elf left alfo, fhe deemed, Post aloan, and foaly from woonted coompanye fingled, Too trauayl a iourney toe toe long, and that fhe returneth, 495 Too /eek her owne Tyrians, through cragged paffages vncooth. Much lyke when Pentheus thee troups fel of hettifh afemblye, And two foons fhyning, and two Thebs vaynely beholdeth. Or lyke as, in fkaffold theaters, is touzed Orastes From his dame gajtlye fleeing, with flam's and poyfoned adders: 500 Or black fcaalde ferpents, and when that in entrye be fetled
Sour feends grimlye gnafhing, ramping with griflye reuengment. When fhe thus in raging dyd fwel: when plunged- in anguifh, For to dye fhee mynded, the mean and thee feafon apoincted, Theefe forged fpeeches to her fister forroful vttring, 505 Shee fhrowds her purpofe, fatje hoape with phifnomye feigning.
Sister, an od by knack haue I found (now rejt ye triumphaunt) Either this gadling fhal jwipUye to mee be returned, Or fro this hoat looue fits I fhal bee fhortlye retrayted. Where the Jun is woonted too jet, neere the Ocean eending,
9



510 Thee laft poinct farthest of dwellers Aithiop: Atlas Mighty in this region boljters thee starred Olympus. From thence came a mayd prieft, in foyle Maffyla begotten, Seixten of Hefperides Sinagog, this forceres vfed, For too cram the dragon: fhe, on trees, flips confecrat heeded. 515 Hoonnye liquid fprinckling and breede jleepe wild popye ftrawing. For to fre mynds, fnared with looue, this Margerye voucheth, Whom fhe wil, and oothers with loouetraps ftronglye to f etter. Alfo to stay the riuers, and back globs ftarrye returning. In night too cooniure fpirits: theare fhal ye fe (fister) 520 Thee ground right vnder too groane, trees bigge to fat headlong. Thee Gods too witneffe, fo thee, deare fister, I lykewije Cal, bye thye jweet pallet, me this hard extremitye forceth For to put in practife magical feats, forcerye charming. Wherefor in al fecret let logs of tymber, in inner 525 Court, with fpeede, be reked, thee fky with loftines hitting. Alfo fe, that thither you bring thee martial armoure, That the peafaunt left heere, with al his miffortuned enfigns. Theare bed muft be placed, thee wedlock bed, where I, poore wretch, Al my bane haue purchafte: theefe rit's thee Cooniures afketh, 530 Too burne al monuments of this curfd villenus hoap haft.
This fayd, ftreight a filence fhee keefs: her phifnomye paleth. And yet An had nothing deemed, that Dido, the fifter, Preparde theefe burials to her felf, fhe no fuch furye cafteth. Or that woorfe mifchief might bee to her fister aproching, 535 Then when fhee mourned the death of spoufe foarye, Sichceus. Thearefor her encheafon fhee purueys. But the Queene, as tymber was broght, and piled in order, And holme logs cleaued with creffets mounted ar added: With twifted garland and leau's, fpred greenlye, fhe garnifht 540 Thee place of her burial: there his armours al fhe repofed. On the bed his picture fhee fet, ful playnely bethincking, What would bee the fequel. There about ftand confecrat altars: With which eke embayed, the fhe priest, vntreffed in heare locks, Hundreds of the Godheds thrife tolde al giddylye calleth: 545 Shee crieth on the Erebus darekneffe and on Chaos hoch poch. And the tripil dam Hecatee, with three faced angrye Diana. Shee pours eeke the liquours vntruely of founten Auernus. Alfo by thee moone fhyne yoong buds, fcant fpirted a booue ground, Are joght too be loped with a brajiye jieth: aljo the póyjon 550 Cole black commixed with mylck: enquyrye was eke made, For to jnip, in the foaling, from front of fillye the knapknob That the mare al greedy dooth {nap.



Her /elf with prefents /tanding neere the halloed altars, Naked in her oane foote, with frock vnlaced aparrayld;
555 Calleth at her parting on Gods: and destenye wytting
Thee ftars: too the Godhead, with meeke jubmifjion, hartlye Shee prayeth: yf deitee with no loare rightlye regadeth Thee flip of al faythleffe break leages, that vnequalye looued. Neere toe dead of midnight yt drew, when member of eeche thing
560 Quick, and fore labored was, with fweet jlumber, atached. Thee woods are noyfeleffe, thee Jeas late ftormye be calmed. Thee ftars from the fky top with glyding flipprye be fhooting: Thee fields and the catal bee mum: most queintlye bedecked Fayre fowls, clofe lurcking in lak's, or fhrowded in hard bed
565 Of thorny thickets, through rural countrye be napping,
In the filent nightyme, from thoght theire daytoyl amoouing. But the poore vnrestmg Dido could catch no fuch happy e Sea/on, too be quiet, fhee jleeples is onlye remayning. Now routs of carcking troubles, with fighs, be reforting:
570 Soomtyme fits tickling of her old looue in hertroote ar itching. Then frefh on a fuddeyn fhee frets, and warpeth in anger. And bayted in tugging fkirmifh then thus fhe bethoght her.
What fhal I doo therefore? fhal I now, lyk a caftaway milckmadge, On mye woers formoure bee fawning? Too Nemod emprour
575 Now fhal I meeke be fuing, oft by mee coylye refufed? Therefor I muft jwiftly too Troian nauye be trudging, Theare me toe bynd prentife, theyr wil, lyk a gally flaue, heeding. And reafon I trauayled too theym, that, by me fo fhielded, My formoure beneficts defrayde fo kindelye requited.
580 Wel, wel: graunt I trauayld, who would mee fuffer? or of theym What man, in his veffel, prowd borne, would carrye me fcorned? And alas, 6 felly woomman: yeet muft ye be lef fond Thee freaks, thee fickle promife, thee periurye Troian ? What then? with my fleeing fhal I track theire nauye triumphing?
585 Or fhal I purfu theym with ftrong and furnifhed armye? And my pepil fubiect, that I broght from Sidon in hazard Of liefe, too the fea word with danger fhal they be pref fed? Nay, nay, thye felf flaughter: thy bad lief vnhappye death afketh. Thow, thow, deere fister, with my tears woommanifh anguifht,
590 With my phrenfie moued, to my foa dydft caft me ful open. Might not I my lief tyme, luft flefhly and finful auoyding, Spend lyk an vnreafoned wild beaste, and fuch care abandon? I kept no promife to the boans of godlye Sichceus. Such playnts and quarrels in burnt breft stronglye fhe crufihed.
595 Now the good Aïneas embarckt in veffel of hudgneffe,



Certen of his paffadge, dyd fleepe; things duelye wel orderd. Then toe the fame captayne valiant, in flumber, apeered Thee jelfe fame vifadge, that face, that phifnomye hearing In color, in fpeaking, thee felf fame Mercurye likning, 600 Forfeene in his goulden fine locks, and youthlye refemblaunce. Thus thee wight jleeping with a newcoom meffage he greeteth.
Thow fun of heunly e Godeffe, dar'st thow to flumber in hazards? See ye not, ö madman, what dangers fundrye betyde you? Heyre ye not, in liftning, thee westerne fortunat huffling ? 605 Shee coyn's curfd dangers, and mifchiefs forgeth on anuyl. Too dye fhe ftands refolut: fhee ftormeth fweltred in anger. Wil ye not hoste fwiftly, whilst leafur is offred of hastning? Perdye ye fhal fhortly perceaue, thee feas toe be coouerd, With boots, and flaming fyre worcks toe be flaphed of eeche fyde 610 Thee fhoars, yf dawning in this fel countrye fhal hold you. On loa, cut of loytring, a wind fane changabil huf puffe Always is a woomman. Thus fayd, through nightfog hef vanntfht.
Then the duke Mneas, with fhaddow fudden agryfed, Vp starts from flugifh fleeping, and coompanye waketh. 6ï5 My men arife fwiftly: to the tacklings fpeedelye ftick yee: Hoife fayl's with poftmg: for a God from celical heunjeats Sent, toe fle commaunds vs: lykewife toe cut hastlyevthe cabels. Loa 'yet agayne fpurs hee. We rely toe thyn hautye behe/tings Who th'wart, mightye Godhead; thus agayne toe thy wil we be forward. 620 Send thye pliaunt feruaunts thye good ayde, let ftars of Olympus Lucky affift the viadge: thus he fayd: then naked his edgd fword Brandifht from the fcabard hee drew: thee cabil he fwappeth. Al they the lyke pofte haste dyd make with fcarboro fcrabblmg. From the fhoare owt fayle they: thee fea with great fleet ts hooueld. 625 Fluds they rake vp fpuming, with keele froth fomye they furrow. Thee next day foloing lustring Aurora lay jhymrtng, Her faffrond mat treffe leauing to her bedfelo Tithon. Thee Queene, when the daylight his fhining brightnes afurded, Peeps from loftye beacons, and fayling nauye beholdeth. 630 Thee ftronds and the hauens of veffels emptye fhe marcketh. Thrife, nay fhe foure feafons on fayre brest mtghtely bounctng, And her heare owt rooting yéllow: God Iuppiter, ogh lord: Quod fhe, fhal hee (cape thus? fhal a ftranger geue me the flampam? With fuch departure my regal fegnorye frumping? 635 Shal not al oure fubiects purfu with clamorus hu crye?
With my fleete hoate foloing fhal not theire nauye be burned?
On men; alarme; fyrebrands fe ye take; fayls hoyfe; roa ye
What chat I foole ? What place me doth hold ? What phrenfye me wttcheth



O forlorne Dido, now now wrawd destenye gruis the. 640 This fpite fhould be plyed, when thow thy auctoritye yeeldedst.
Marck the fayth and kindneffe, that he fhews, who is foothlye reported, Too carry his rellicques and countreye domeftical hou je gods, And to clap on fhoulders his bedred graueporer old jyre. Could not I with my power both haue hackt and minced eke inchemeale 645 Thee coyftrels carcaffe, next in the fea deepelye toe drenche yt? Could not I then murther, with f woord, his coompanye stragling? Yea the lad Afcanius wel I might haue flaughtered, after At tabil of the father too fet thee chield to be maunged. Thee chaunce in battayle, ye wil hold, is doubtful: I graunt yt. 650 What man had I feared, toe dye preft? I had flamed of eeche fyde Theare tents and nauy, thee child, and thee father eending. Yea the race extirping: my felf had I walloed on theym. O fun in heune hye beaming, who behold'ft ful woorckes al earthlye: Of theefe drirye dolours eeke thow Queene luno the fearchreffe, 655 And Godes hauty Hecatee, that dooeft wights terrifye nightlye' In pathways traueling, ye bug hags fierce fet to reuengments, You Gods al muftring to the eende of wretched Elifa, Eare this; I doe craue you: for fin's due torture amoouing. Lyften too my prayers. Yf this falfe traytor in hauen 660 Of force must be placed, toe the land yf destenye fling hym, If feats of the Godheds fo wil: theyre wyl be don hardly. Yet let thee rajcal with foldiours doughtye be lugged, Spoyled of his weapons, wandring lyke a bannifhed owtlaw: Haalde from the embracing of his onlye belooued Iulus: 665 And to beg his fuccoure: too fee thee funeral eendinges Wretched of his kynred: lykewije when he fhal be relying Too jtreict condicions of peace, to vnlawful agreement: In wifht Princelye quiet let not thee cuUion harboure: But before his fixed death tyme let his eende be cut haftlye, 670 In nauel of quickfands his corps vntumbed abyding.
Theefe poincts humblye craue I, with blood this laft wil I jtablifh. And you my Tyrian fubiects, this linnage heere after Purfue with hate bitter, this gift je ye graunt toe myne a/hes. Let no looue or lyking, no fayth nor leage be betweene you , 675 Let there one od captayne from my boans ruftye be fpringing, With fire eke and weapons thee caytiefs Troian auengmg: Now; then; at eeche feafon; what fo eare ftreingth mightye fhal happi, Let fhoare bee too fhoars, let feas contrarye toe feas ftand, And to armours, armours I do pray, let progenye bicker. 680 Shee fayde; eke her vexte mynd fhee toft and tumbled in eeche fyde, From thee light vnfauerye to flit, with gredines, afking.



Shee Ipeaks too Bar f en thee nurfe of feallye Sichceus (For then her owne mylckdame in byrth foyl was breathles abydmg) Good nurfe take the trauayle, too bring my fister An hither 685 With the waters streaming let her hoale corps haftlye be clenfed. Thee beafts bring fhe with her, with theym thee forenoted offnngs. Thus let her hafte hither: let thy pate godlye be coouerd. Too the God infernal what rits bye me bee readye, furth with For to ende I purpofe, my troubles wholye to finnifh: 6qo And toe put in fire brands this Troian pedlerye trufh trafh
This fayd: fhee trots on fnayling, lyk a tooth fhaken oldl hagge. But Dido affrighted, ftift alfo in her obstinat onfet, Her bluddy eyes wheeling, her lyers with fwart fpot ydufked, And eke al her vifage waning with murther aprochmg, 605 Too the inner quadrant runneth, then madlye fhe fcaleth
Thee top of her banefyers, his fwoord fhee grappleth m handlmg; I fay the fwoord brandifht, toe fuch a wild part not apoincted When fhe the weeds Troian dyd marck, and fporte breder old bed: In tears fait blubbring, in mufing ftiddye remayning, 700 Shee fel on her mattreffe: theefe woords for a farewel awarding. 0 my fweet old leauings, whilft mee good deftenye fuffred, And God of his goodneffe you mee too pleajure alowed, Take ye mye faynt fpirit, mee from theefe troubles abandon, I liu'de and the trauayl, graunted by fortun, I traced: 705 Alfo my goaft fhortly too pits of lymboe fhal hobble. A citty I founded ftately, thee wals dyd I fhee rayfd. And the death of my hufband on freendleffe broother I venged. Bief fed had I refted, yee thrife moft bief fed, yf onlye In theefe my regions no Troian veffel had anchord. 710 Thus fhe fayd, and thrufting in couche her phifnomye cheereleffe, But fhal I dy fheepe lyke, not taking kindlye reuengment? Yea wil I dy, quod fhee, what? fo? yea, fo wyl I pack hence. Let the cruel Troian, this flame from mayne fea beholding, His panch now fatiat, with this my destenye fatal. 715 Thus fhe fayd; and falling on blode with defperat offer, Her damfels viewd her: thee fwoord al bluddye begoared And hands owt fpreadding they beheeld; thee roifd crye doth eccho In the palaice: Rumor thee death through cittye doth vtter. With fighs, with yelling, with fkrich, with woommanifh howltng, 720 Thee rafters rattle: with fhouts thee perst fkye reboundeth With no les hudge bowling, than yf al Carthago wer enterd By the enymy riffling, with flaming fta/3hye toe fcorch al Thee roofs of tenements, of Gods thee confecrat howfes. Furth runs her fister, theefe newes vnfortunat hyring,



725 With nayles hir vifadge fkratching, and mightilye rapping
Her brest with thumping frap knocks, through rout fhe doth enter, And the dying fifter, with roaring, lowdlye fhe named.
Was this, deere fifter, youre drift? therefore ye begyld me? And for theefe bancquets made I fiers, and halloed altars?
730 What fhal I firft mourne now, foore caytief, defolat owtwayle? In this youre parting youre fifters coompanye jkornd you? Had ye toe that blood fhot mee byd: wee both, with one edgtoole, And eke in one moment, oure paffadge fatal had ended. This labor endurd I toe this ende? waf te therefor I called
735 On Gods, from thye dying fharp pangs to be, wfetch cruel abfent. The and my felf haue I quight forlorne, thee nation hautye Of Sidon, thy woorthye pepil, thy towne braue I batterd, Speedelye bring me water, thee greene wound fwiftlye toe fouple; And yf in her carcaffe foom wind yeet foftlye be breathing,
740 With lip I wil nurfe yt: thus fayd fhee climd toe the woodpile, Clafpt in her arms bracing thee panting murtheres haulfquick, With grunt wyde gafping: thee blackned gellyeblud, hardning, Shee fkums with napkins; fhee would haue lifted her eyebal, Feeble agayne weixing fhee droups; thee deadlye pufh yrcks her.
745 Thrife fhe dyd endeuoure, too mount and rest on her elbow; Thrife to her bed fliding fhee quayls, with whirlygig eyefight Vp to the fky staring, with belling fkrichcrye fhe roareth, When fhe the defyred joonbeams with faynt eye receaued. Then luno omnipotent long pangs, with mercye beholding,
750 And this her hard paffadge: dyd fend, from propped Olympus. Thee luftring raynebow, from corps thee fpirit auoyding, With rustlmg coombat buckling, with flayne bodye iuftling. For where as her parture noe due death, nor deftenye eau fed, But before her feafon thee wretch through phrenjye was ended,
755 Her locks gould yellow therefore Proferpina would not
Shaue from her whit pallet, ne her ding too damnable Orcus.
Than loa the fayre Raynebow jaffronlyke feathered, hoou'ring With thowfand gay colours, by the foon contrarye refhyning, From the fkye downe flickring, on her head mofte ioyfulye ftanding,
760 Thus fayd: I doo Gods heast, from corps thy fpirit I funder.
Streight, with al, her fayre locks with right hand fpeedelye fnipped: Foorth with her heat fading, her liefe too windpuf auoyded.
FINIS. Deo Gratias. Opus decem dierum.



Thee defcription of Liparen, exprejjed by Virgil in thee eight booke of his ^neis, in which place, thee Poet played, as yt weare, his pnce, by aduauncing at ful thee loftines of his veyne: doon m too Englijh by thee tranjlatoure for his lajt farewel too thee Jayd Virgil.
Tw'ard Sicil is feated, toe the welken loftelye peaking, A Joyl ycleapt Liparen; front whece, with flownce furye fUngmg, Stoans, and burlye bulets, lyke tamponds, maynelye be towring. Vnder is a kennel, wheare Chymneys fyrye be fcorchmg 5 Of Cyclopan tofters, with rent rocks chatnferye fharded, Lowd dub a dub tabering with frapping rip rap of vEtna. Theare ftroaks ftronglye threfhing, yawl furth groans, ftamped on anuyl In the den are drumming gods of steele, parchfulye fparckltng; And flam's fierclye glowing from fornace flafihye be whifking. 10 Vulcan his hoate fordgharth, namde eeke thee Vulcian Ifland. Downe from the heunlye palace trauayled thee fyrye God hither. In this caue the rakehels yrne bars, bigge bulcked, ar hamring. Brotes and Steropes, with baerlym fwartye Pyracmon. Theefe thre were vpbotching, not fhapte, but partlye wel onward, 15 A clapping fyerbolt (fuch as oft, with rownce robel hobble, loue toe the ground claüreth) but yeet not finntfhed holye. Three Jhowrs wringlye wrythen glimring, and forceblye fowctng; Three watrye clowds fhymring toe the craft they rampyred htztng, Three wheru's fyerd glyftring, with Soutwynds rufflered huffltng. 20 Now doe they rayfe gaftly lyghtnings, now griflye reboundtngs Of rufferaf'feroaring, mens herts with terror agryfmg. With peale meale ramping, with thwick thwack sturdelye thundrmg. Theyre labor hoat they folow: toe the flame fits gyreful awardtng. And in an od corner, for Mars they be fternfulye flayltng 25 Hudge fpoaks and chariots, by the which thee furlye God, angerd, Haftye men enrageth, too wrath towns bat'ful on eggeih. And they be frefh for ging toe the netled Pallas an armoure With gould ritchlye fhrined, wheare fcaals be ful horriblye chncked Of fcrawling Jerpents, with fculcks of poyfoned adders. 30 In breft of the Godeffe Gorgon was cocketed hardlye, With nodil mioyncted, by death, light vital amooumg. Voyd ye fro theefe flamfews, quoa the God, set a part the begun wurck.



NOTES
On account of the difficulty of the language and the peculiar spelling I have thought it advisable to give elaborate nqtes. In a work of this kind, however, it is not easy to know where to draw the line. For that reason, I have tried to keep on the safe side, and preferred giving too many to giving too few.
THE DEDICATION
2 reaching, having great' mental reach.
3 endewours should be endeuours: cf. Patés' corrections.
4 ryne, rind.
5 shrind, enclosed: cf. III, 28. 10 sowning, sounding.
13 rablemenf, rabble: applied contemptuously to a body of persons.
14 cheate poëtes, poets that are cheats.
19 ac should be as. cf. Patés' corrections.
20 In camfering wise: The N.E.D. explains: p.pl. a. Obs. cf. Shropshire Wordbk. (E.D.S.) campering, mettlesome, highspirited.
22 quippes, sarcastic remarks.
27 slyckte, sleeked, finished. cf. 1776, C. Keith, Farmer's Ha', XXVII: „His sleekit
speeches pass for true with ane and a'." 42 craggye, difficult.
50 yf theyre skil were, so much as spare: evidently, "spare", is meant as a rhyme to "Phaer". The meaning of "spare" is rather vague, but seems to be founded on "flirnsy, thin".
56 pyekt, peaked: probably a synonym of "lofty". It may also mean "pointed* to the point".
burd, board, approach, equal.
57 defalckt, decreased, made lighter.
60 feeling, full of sense?, deeply feit? cf. Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale, IV, 1(11)8 "feelings sorrows", and, Romeo and Juliet, III. V. 75: "Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss".
68 let, jet. Cf. Shakespeare, Twelfth Night II. V. 36: "How he jets under his ad-
vanced plumes", cf. also: Cymbehne, III. III. 5, and Pericles, II. IV. 26. 104 hauking, hawking, making an effort to clear the throat noisily. Cf. IV, 79. 112 tickle, ticklish.
121 rouke, squat, crouch. The only instance in the N.E.D. of figurative use.
mewes, secret places of concealment or retirement. 123 hath should be haue. cf. Patés' corrections. 126 applinyg should be applying. Cf. Patés' corrections.



143 entwighted, entwited, rebuked. „ iH pild verses: cf. I, 58, pild countrye. Here, it probably means worthless . Ï59 maker, poet. cf. 1W-8 T. Ask. Test Love hl. IVJSkeat) 1. 258: "In wit and
in good reason of sentence, he (Chaucer) surpasseth all other makers . 164 frynlg should be frying. Cf. Patés' corrections.
172 duggeon, a kind of wood used by turners especially for handles of kmves, daggers, etc.
173 leshe, a set of three.
177 speake: Northern for speech. 182 spurgalde, galled with the spurs.
194 coystrel, a mean, paltry fellow.
195 balducktoom, trashy, rubbishy. 200 ïrumping, mocking.
phillippe, fillip, smart stroke or tap.
THE PREFACE
4 Prlscianlstes, grammarians (after Priscian). 5o mlsheth should be misseth. cf. Patés' corrections. 64 ortögraghy should be ortógraphy. cf. Patés' corrections. 66 put case, suppose.
90 laynig should be laying. cf. Patés' corrections. 93 petit degree, pedigree.
100 beenlg should be beeing. cf. Patés' corrections.
BOOK I
The first four lines are a translation of four lines of Virgil's running: "Ille ego qui quondam gracili modulatus auena Carmen; & egressus sylvis, uicina coegi, Vt quamuis auido parêrent arua colono: Gratum opus agricolis. At nunc horrentia Martis
Arma virumque cano", etc , „,„ ., +hpTT,
I consulted three editions respectively of 1518, 153? f0*1** aU opening with these lines, with slight variations in the third. The above quotation 'istaken from the 1547 edition, edited by Melanchton. It appears that the o^liSlel io^not to be genuine and left out in ^^^ons^he orüv reference to them in Stanyhurt's critics is from the author of anarticle S'^STuLria vol. IV, page 234, who says: •^«^fSÏÏffiiïïS seem to be gathered from the Bucolics". They are, naturally, also to be found in Phaer's translation for which see Appendix II.
Note Stanyhurst's reference to "opus agricolis in lus Dedication.
1 season, time(s).
oS'oaten: transferred from "reeds" to harmony. cf. Phaer, Aeneid I. 1: "I that my slender oten Pyppe in verse was wont to sounde .
3 cted, 5 Sï^^uBnal form is garboil. O.Fr. garbouilfle) It. garbugho. Connected?



with Latin bullire = to boil. Here the meaning is: tumult, disorder, brawl. Influence of broils?
6 blaze, sing, proclaim. Captayne. See Introduction. repairing, drawing back.
7 famosed. This is the earhest instance of the past participle. cf. III, 331. The earhest instance of the verb is 1590, Tarlton, News Purgat. (1844) 53: "That merrye Roscius that famosed all comedies so with his pleasant and extemporale invention".
trudging, walking toilsomely or wearily.
Stanyhurst's contemporary Puttenham objects to this word in his "Arte of English Poesie, 1589 (Arber's Reprints VII, Birmingham 1869) p. 280: "As one, who translating certaine bookes of Virgils Aeneidos into English meetre, said that Aeneas was fayne to trudge out of Troy: which terme became better to be spoken of a beggar, or of a rogue, or of a lackey: for so wee use to say to such maner of people, be trudging hence".
The N.E.D. explanis: to walk laboriously, wearily or without spirit, but steadily and persistently'. Sometimes merely an undignified equivalent for to walk, go on foot. Cf. 1685, Evelyn, Mrs. Godolphin, (1888) 122: "Wherever a certaine Lady goes .... I must trudge". or 1547, Bk. Marchauntes, e.j.b. "If the belles rynge in any place .... for an obit, than our gentyl gallants trudge apace". Stanyhurst must have been thinking too much of the pilgrim, or used it figuratively, because Aeneas went by sea.
8 soust, soused, struck suddenly or violently. hurlwynd, whirlwind.
10 Chlefe, chiefly.
12 Afspring, that from which anything springs or originates, sou ree (of the Latin race).
13 inhaunced, enhanced, raised, founded.
14 kendled, kindled, inflamed, incited.
15 of Gods thee Princesse, the Princess or Queen of the Gods.
16 to tugge: Here again Puttenham (see note line 7) raises objections: "The same translatour when he came to these wordes: Insignem pietate virum, tot voluere casus tot adire labores compulit, hee turned it thus, what moved Juno to tugge so great a captaine as Aeneas, which word tugge, spoken in this case is so undecent as none other coulde have bene deuised, and tooke his first originall from the cart, because it signifieth the pullor draugth of the oxen or horses and therefore the leathers that beare the chiefe stresses of the draugth, the cartars call them tugges, and so wee vse to say that shrewd boyes tugge each others by the eares, for pull". I fail to see the connection between the oxen before the cart and the boys puiling each other's ears, and would like to point to Shakëspeare's Macbeth, III, I, 112: "And I. .. . so wearie with Disasters, tugg'd with Fortune".
17 doo Say nets celestial harbour such festred rancoure? 20 possest wyth Tyrians, inhabited by Tyrians.
streingh, strength.
22 armonye: not mentioned in the N.E.D., Wright or Webster. Perhaps "armory" as rendering: "Hic ilhus arma, Hic currus fuit".
23 warlick, warlike.
25 drift, design, plot, scheme.
yf destenye furthred her drift.
26 hole, whole.
meaning, intent, purpose. letted, prevented.



3 bye contlnuance, continually.
naues, wheel (of Fortune). This meaning is not recorded in the N.E.D. 31 recounting, reflecting on, considering.
35 skitop, the top of the sky. Not recorded in the N.E.D. hoysed, hoised, hoisted.
36 kinred, kindred. sept, tribe, class.
37 engins, artifices, snares, wiles.
39 frushe, débris, fragments. Obs. or Scotch, leauings, remnants.
40 roaming, wanderings.
mishing, missing. Cf. Patés' corrections.
44 flantadoe: The N.E.D. says:? flaunt "with a pseudo-Spanish ending. Cf. Nashe. Unfort. Trav. Wks. (Grossart V, 70) "Why should I goo gadding after firking. flantado Amphibologies?"
45 fuid, feud.
48 letted: see 26.
fats, fates, Fortune.
clarcklye, artfully. The earhest instance in the N.E.D. is dated 1594. Cf. Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. 259, 24: "... . and abused us clarckly". recounted, related, enumerated.
50 Oreekfleete: possibly two words.
51 for on his faulty practise, for the faulty practice of one, i.e. Ajax.
53 vphaling, hauling up.
54 pacient, sufferer: Cf. Southey, Vis Maid Orleans, II, 217: "A scoffing fiend .... mocked at his Patients, and did after strew ashes upon them, and then bid them say their Prayers aloud".
Iaunst, lanced, pierced with a lance.
55 rockish: see Introduction.
56 of Saincts al thee Princes abyding, (I who) still am the Princess of all the Gods. Cf. the Latin: "ego, quae divum incedo regina".
58 one old pild country: Latin: "una cum gente".
pild probably means pilled, pillaged. Od and pild are used in contempt.
59 if this geare cotten. Cotten means: succeed, develop well, prosper. In the i6th and i7th centuries it was frequent in: "This gear cottens". The N.E.D. records as the earhest instance,!560Preston,Cambyses: "Doth not this gear cotton".The meaning of the expression here is: "If this kind of thing should go on and prosper.who....".
60 rits, rites.
61 frying, being strongly moved, as by passion.
62 raught, reached. blusterus, blusterous, noisy.
huzing, murmuring, humming: Cf. Phaer, 1587—8, Aeneid:" As bees with huzzmg feruent noyse".
64 cabbans, cabins. stur, stir. snar, snarl.
iarrye, jarry, causing or full of jars.
65 rang should be randg. Cf. Patés' corrections.
68 humbling, rumbling. Cf. Chaucer, House of Fame, n, 531: "Lyke the last numblynge, after a clappe of thundringe".
69 warelye, warily, prudently. doubting, dreading, fearing.



jo mewd op, locked up as in a mew.
reueiers, noisy fellows.
COUpt, cooped. 72 rouze, start.
75 signed, assigned.
76 swage, assuage.
huffling, raising by blowing, swelling. 78 tamd gods: Latin: victos penates.
81 renowmed, renowned. This m occurs four times (II, 94; IV, 51, 96). Due to the m in O. Fr. renomer from Lat. nominare. Frequent in Marlowe (Tamburlaine).
84 pheere, fere, companion.
85 brate: Though now contemptuous, was quite correct in St.'s time; cf. Gascoigne: "O Abraham's brat, o broode of blessed seede".
87 thy mynd to accomplish, to fulfil your wishes.
90 tender, act tenderly towards.
91 blusturs, blusters. The earhest instance in the N.E.D.
92 flatchet, sword. M.H.G. vlatsche, vletsche.
broached, opened, pierced (with aspit, see Skeat & Maykew).
93 perst,-pierced. whizling, whistling.
94 turmoyling, harassing, worrying. huzing, cf. I, 62.
97 chauft, chafed, irritated.
98 tacklings, furniture of mast and yards, as rigging, cordage.
99 snach, snatch. gloomming, looking sullen.
100 welken, weikin, the vault of heaven.
101 rlflye, rifely, abundantly.
flush flash, flash repeatedly. See Introduction. 103 lyms, limbs.
benummed, benumbed. 106 before eune fhe parente: Probably "eune" is even. The Latin has: ante ora patrum:
so: even before (in sight of) the parents.
byckring, bickering, slrinrdshing. 108 filds, fields. «3 kyrye, kyrie eleison.
solfing: from to solfa, to sing, utter.
northen, northern.
114 tag rag. The two words are synonymous. After St. the combination is frequent vphoysing, hoisting up.
115 ruther, rudder. Cf. O. E. rödor, rödr.
The form ruther is still found in Scotch and Northern dialects vnhafted, taken off.
116 haunt, molest. T17 typs, tops.
118 sulcking: See note I, 3.
121 rancks, ridges, for Lat.: "dorsum immane mari summo"
122 whelmed, engulfed, submerged.
123 souping, swallowing, Cf. 1652, Culverwell, Lt. Nature I, XVII (1661) 158: "A ship ready to be spüt upon a rock, or to be soop'd up of a wave"
127 hooueld, covered (by the waves). Cf. IV, 258, 624. (The ship) thrice thümping the gravel, is plunged into a whirlpool, (and) hovelled (by the water). The earhest instance recorded in the N.E.D. is dated 1688.



I2Q «Icturs: a faulty translation for "tabulae", which means: planks. beams etc.
9 DrvS also translates. "Arms, Pictures, precious Goods and floatmg Men . ut what vessel Abapossest, the vessel which contained Abas. ÏS bulcht: Thé N E D. thinks it is probably a variant of to bulge, to stave m. and
gives two instances of which this is the earhest.
boarde, bored. 133 scant, hardly, barely.
Al rif rafs, hurly-burly, racket. See Introduction.
136 sturd, stirred as rendering the Lat. graviter commotus
Pallet, head. cf. 1529, Skelton Elynour Rummyng 348: I sha11 breake y°ur pallettes, wythout ye now cease".
137 touzdtost; a combination of toused + tossed. 139 spightful, spiteful.
syb, sib, relative. 142 loa, low.
baretour, barrator, fighter. iai raks iaks evidently must indicate a great noise.
43 rack, ru?h!Ihock, crash. The N.E.D. records no meaning of jack or jag. indicatmg a sound. See Introduction. .. .
T45 nXmark by making notches; so here it means: to make a(mental) note. 146 rakhei, rakehell, lewd, dissolute person. ta& that charge mee toucheth, that charge was entrusted to me 4 he mavstreth monsterus hildens, he is master of monstrous dens in the hul In C^n^TiïtL™ Vol. IV, page 237, there is a note: "Hilding is a word used by Ssp^efcTa Mreling o/lacque". Evidently the simple hill + den did not occur to the annotator. Si ««"U^ÏÏ^S.: Tb= N.E.D. esplatas "tolck „: to make balk, ia
bal^ thrasquicksands"; Mc. Kerrow also explams "balck as shun .
mollefye, mollify. 157 mutenye, mutiny. is8 raskal, rascally.
159 flundge: contamination of to fly + ^ Plunge? This is the only instance recorded in the N.E.D.
160 grauet, grave man. Lat. virum gravem.
haplye, by hap, by chance. Roscarbrocke, Prelim.
161 geason, rare: M. E. gesen, geson A. S. g^Ci WNJjatO
4 him Tnis is a very clumsy translation of Lat. secundo curru.
rancker, rancour. . wtpj u^he weather. The earhest
World, I, V, 13: "a weather worne mscnption .



167/8 These two lines probably mean: There is a corner (of the sea) stretching far inland. An Island, their seat, has formed a harbonr with its knobbly, twisted stones. Cf. the Lat.; I, 159, f. "Est in secessu longo locus; insula portum efficit obiectu laternm". The word "crabknob" is recorded in the N. E.D. and explained as: rough and rugged like a crabtree; knobbly. "Skrude", probably is screwed, twisted, contorted; cf. Shakespeare, The two Noble Kinsmen, V, I, 117: "The aged crampe had screw'd his'square foot round".
169 inhaunteth, enhaunts, frequents.
170 steaming, rising, ascending. cf. II, 20; III, 209.
The N.E.D. only records the instance of III, 209: "of vapour, to be emitted or exhaled, to rise or issue in the form of steam". It is evident that, by transference, St. uses "steam" of other things, of which there are three instances, viz.: I, 170, II, 20 and II, 219. The instances in I, 170 and II, 219 occur in Arber as misprints with an r, I, 170 has "streajning", II, 219 "vpstreaming". Halhwell records another instance from St.'s, The Description of Ireland: "The wals stand to this dale, a few streets and houses in the towne, no small parcell thereöf is turned to orchards and gardens. The greater part of the towne is steepe and steeming vpward".
171 brace, two
skymounted. The earhest instance recorded of the combination sky + past participle is dated 1595, Spenser, Friend's Passion, 31: "The skiebred Egle, roiall bird"
172 flitter, burst into foam.
173 close coucht, lying near together.
176 nunry, nunnery, i.e. the habitation of the nymphs. The word is, of course, altogether out of place here.
sea tost: the earhest instance recorded is from Shakespeare's Pericles III, Gower 60: "Upon whose Decke the seatost Pericles appeared to speake".
177 flooke,. fluke.
178 seaun, seven.
180 erst, formerly, before. 182 kindly, fitly, properly.
184 vittayls, victüals.
185 quernstoans, millstones. toste, toast.
188 frusht, frushed, crushed, battered. remanent, remnant.
hulling, drifting about aimlessly.
189 armours high pichf of manly Calcus, the arms of Caicus high on the sterns; cf. Lat. "arma Caici celses in puppibus".
190 scried, descried.
191 gating, walking. The N.E.D. gives this as the only instance. cf. subst. gate, i°. length of the stride of a deer, as shown by his footmark, 20. manner of going. slot, foUow the trail of.
clusterus, numerous: from cluster, group.
192 frith, woodland, wooded country.
193 bowbent is not recorded as a subst. It may be "bow bent".
194 croches, little knobs at the top of a deer's antlers. antiier, antler.
haufed, raised.
195 noombles, numbles, certain entrails of a deer used for food.
196 fel, feil, hill or mountain.
197 prages, spears or similar weapons. There is one more instance in the N.E.D.: 1583,



Stocker Civil Warres Lowe C. III, 133: "The Zealanders .... with their long rusty'prages, slew every mother's sonne of them .
198 eeuened, evened, made equal.
199 venery, game.
road, the roads (of the sea).
200 sorted, allotted.
201 swyld, swilled, swallowed or washed down.,
203 pipe, large cask.
204 hautlye, highly.
206 brawnd, rendered callous. .
207 frets, squalls; it may also be straits (Halhwell).
of a bridge.
£ SS; Ï5 telling: a very colloqnial translation for "jnvabit". it wül delight you. „5 ^ï^nSÜ': al^xpression, curt and direct, meaning something to a sailor. .Lat. "durate", endure.
216 loaden, loaded or laden. .
217 squatting, suppressing. The only instance in the N.E.D.
218 plye, assail vigorously. 
commons, provisions for a company in common. repastour, repaster, one who takes a repast.
219 dulcet, doucet, in hunting the ^f^/j^^^ and pietcher, Phüaster The earhest instance ^f^f^^^jl give ten'groats for Se SS^tE Sen^n! Lobberd I, VI: "All the sweet morsels call'd tongue, ears and dowcets .
inchepyn, inchpin, the sweetbread of a deer.
Z SS2: L^bS^ïewood. A itaw» was diffcreat torn . fagot » betag
a frank (= a sty).
quaffye, of the nature of quaffing.
carousing, drinking deeply. 225 requyred, inquired after.. 229 revolvlng (in his mind).
23i streched must mean: came aj*r?acfled. to modern ears, especially
~ trstK^r^^JFr. 'ir**"- ~ ^
rlSffïoA cf. Prior, "How blabtered is tot prstty te» .
235 whimpring, crying.
236 pusiaunt, puissant.
237 skeareth, scares.
239 ïrSthl poo?e Troians, what have the poor Trojans done against thee.



boucherye, butchery. 243 famely, family. 247 hap, happenings, luck.
249 dryrye, dreary.
250 habil, able. In ióth and i7th century English able was conformed to Fr. habile and Lat. habilis.
251 saulfly, safely.
252 fontayn welspring: three words for the same thing.
253 hurring, making a rolling, bnzzing sound.
254 floas, flows.
snarnoise, a snarhng noise: cf. I, 64.
256 cleaped, named. linnadge, lineage.
257 harboure, v.i.; lodge.
258 shrind, shrined, deified.
259 ons, one's: the implacable anger of one, viz. Juno.
260 feazed, feezed, driven away.
261 ritche, rich.
262 mirrelye, merrily. 264 bust, kissed.
parat, parrot. The N.E.D. says, that the word is used contemptuously. This is not the case here. It is one of the numerous instances where St. simply puts in words of his own choosing. The Latin text reads: "Oscula libavit natae", he lightly kissed the hps of (his) daughter.
267 luster, make illustrious.
268 partye, matter, affair.
269 sith, since.
271 foster, promote the development of.
279 chiefty, chieftaincy.
280 rampired, fortified.
282 gender, engender, beget. So the whole line means: "Till Queen Ilia shaU give birth to twins of whom fiery Mars will be the father".
283 dugge, dug, teat.
285 highting, being called. 288 moyling, worrying, tormenting. 290 gownesept, the sept or clan of gown-wearers. charelye, carefully.
293 spire, shoot forth.
294 Garamants, an ancient Hamitic people of Fezzan, Africa. Why St. should introducé the Garamants here is puzzhng. The Latin text reads: "Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris", who shall bound his empire by the ocean, his fame by the stars. For "terminet", St. puts "rebounds".
296 east spoyls, spoils from the East.
297 magnifye, extol. 299 sound, honest.
301 thee gates of warfare wyl then bee mannacled hardly: the metaphor is wrong, but the meaning is clear.
302 steele bunch chayne knob: four words strung together to express the idea more forcibly, as also the following words: clingd (= clinched), knurd (= knurly, knotty), and narrolye lincked.
303 al storming, storming tremendously.
10



For Mars the Latin has: "furor impius", which Mehler explains as: "personificatie van het razende oorlogsmonster" 1.
304 crumpled, crushed together. haggish, hke a hag.
305 gnash, gnashing.
306 by may borne, the son of May.
308 fledgye, downy, feathered. The word is used by Keats in a slightly different meaning in: Staffa, 41: "Where a fledgy sea-bird choir soars for ever", and in his Othellö, II, 11, 20: "The Swan, soft leaning on her fledgy breast". beplumed, feathered.
310 sweetned, pacified.
311 wroght, brought into some (favourable) condition. 313 ferret, search.
017 flatly, openly.
318 kenneld, hid: cf. Lat. occulit. The metaphor is wrong again: to kennel snips. angle, projecting rock. arbours trees.
320 Hee walcks on privat: it is not quite clear whether it means: "He walks in private", or "He walks on, privately". 320 myd, middle. 322 gads, goes.
324 ouerambling, overtaking.
325 the flud of Hebrus: the Latin only has: Hebrum. This is a clear example how St. puts in words in order to enlighten the English reader. Again and again he adds words to explain proper names, e.g.:
III, 78: Mycone, and eke with Giarus, two famosed islands. III, 147: the dogstar Sirius. III, 204: our pilot Palinure, etc.
327 traclng, falling down.
328 forged, framed. • . , , ,
331 sangüer, a full-grown wild boar; Lat. singularem, a boar, separated from the nera.
ougly, ugly.
332 So Venus, thus spoke Venus; cf. Lat. Sic Venus. Likewise I, 342: Then Venus, for the Lat.: Turn Venus. soon, son.
turned, returned.
333 hard, heard.
336 thart, thou art. .
arcted, closely allied; from art = cramp, constrain. cf. Lat. arctare = to draw close,
from ar dus, confined. 338 craggye, difficult.
343 of Tyrian virgins too weare thus a quiver Is vsed: it is customary for Tyrian virgins
thus to wear a quiver. 346 marckmears, markmere, boundary lake. 351 dandling, fondling, making much of.
354 sinck and puddfl, sink and puddle. In common use from c. 1560. Cf. 1520,^t-ngr. Perf (W de V 1531) 242: "Manasses was as the pyt and synck of all fyitn ana synne", and 1550, Bale, English Votaries II A ij: "Rome hath been so synnefull a synck and pernicious puddell". ■
1 Vergüius' Aeneis, door J. Mehler, 1,41.



355 **Ily, deserving of pity. The Latin has incautam, off his guard,
356 iutnp, exactly. See II, 213.
357 of sisters freendship reckning: this is different from the original. The Lat. has: "securus amoram Germanae", which Mehler explains as: "onbekommerd om" 1 = paying no heed to.
whusted, whisted, hüshed up. 358. forgerye, deceit.
361 bluddyful: contamination of bloody and forms like plentijid.
362 thence to flit hee wild her, he wanted her to fly thence. not long, no longer.
365 fornisht, furnished.
vengeabil, vengeable, vindictive. 369 pinchepeny, pinchpenny, skinfhnt. The whole of Pygmalion's bad qualities is
beautifully summed up here in those two words: pinchepeny boucher. 373 plat, place,
375/6 abyding countrye, country to abide in.
376 thee capteyn, i.e. Aeneas.
377 s'ght ful sadlye, a very sad face.
378 lustringe, full of luster, illustrious.
380 clasped, closed: cf. Lat. clauso, being shut.
382 tinckled, made resound.
383 extretnitye, extreme stress or severity of weather. The earhest instance recorded by the N.E.D. dates from 1664, Evelyn, Cal. Hort. (1729) 197: "AU such extremities of weather".
tllted, driven or thrust with violence.
384 I am kind Aeneas: Lat. "Sum pius Aeneas". Mehler 2 rightly observes that this is a bit too goody. St. makes it ridiculous by adding: "from foes the snatcher of hous gods. "The snatcher of housgods", is a clumsy expressioin.The earhest instance recorded of housegods is dated 1600, Holland, Livy, II, XI. 70: "There are my house-gods, my mother, my wife, my children".
386 pettegrye, pedigree. Forms hke this, and others used by St. as: pettegre, petit degree, were quite common from the i5th to the i7th century. The N.E.D. records a great many instances from the early part of the I5th century until 1652. Cf. 14 ... . Chron. of R. Glouc. (1724) 585: "A petegreu from William the Conquerour to Henri the VI". buddeth, has its origin.
389 scantlye, hardly.
390 pilgrim, wanderer.
392 embarring, stopping.
393 thwart, thou art. tender, attend to.
.394 iumble, meet or move confusedly.
397 with flaws crusht ruffling, crushed with the ruffhng (i.e. troublesome) flaws.
399 marck loa, se well: Lo, mark and look well. flusshing, flying like startled birds.
400 enchast, pursued.
402 feazed: cf. I, 260.
403 theyre creaking harmonye gagling: creaking and gagling form a jarring contrast with harmonye.
1 Vergilius' Aeneis, door J. Mehler I, 44. 8 ib. 46.



405 or .... or, either ... . or.
406 bee packing, be off. Here and there the language is not exactly what one would expect from a goddess.
hardly, hardily, boldly.
407 beglittred, resplendent.
408 This line means: Her lock left behind sweet, mellow perfumes like nectar.
409 syd flagging, flapping aside loosely.
conopye, canopy. Evidently, St. takes conopye simply as a covering.
410 whisk, quick sweeping motion: by her way of walking she betrayed that she was a goddess.
411 chauffing: cf. I, 97.
412 elf show, ghostly show.
luggle, play a trick on. Here again, the language of Aeneas to his mother, a goddess, is rather colloquial.
415 forgerye masked, deceit.
416 enshrowd, shroud.
418 least, lest.
419 whence: probably it means: whither.
426 dorp, thorp, hamlet: Lambarde (1570—6) in Peramb. Kent. (1826) 377, explains: "By Thorpe or Dorpe is meant by the Saxon, a vülage, yet used in the Lower Germaine".
427 for to see, to see.
428 roundly, briskly, vigorously.
430 mearefurth: probably two words meare and furth. To mear or mere = to mark out (land) by means of meres or boundaries. So meare furth = mark out. platfoorm, the area occupied by a structure, the site of a group of buildings. The earhest instance in the N.E.D. dates from 1598, Hakluyt: Voy, I, 436: "With your instrument, for trying of distances, obserue the platfourme of the place".
431 enacting, estabhshing.
435 flirt, move jerkily. mufterus, muttering.
436 tledggie, ready to fly.
437 dulce, sweet.
439 maunger, manger.
hive cot, shed with hives.
440 sweltreth, glows. Cf. Lat. "fervet opus", the labour glows. tyme, thyme.
443 shryne clowd, cloud acting as a shrine, hiding them.
merueles, marvellous. 445 groauecrop, grove.
myd center, centre. . , .
445/6 In arbours greene weede thick shaded, shaded by the dense fohage of the trees. 448 vttred, disclosed.
453 grises, greces, steps.
454 brazed copper, brass. The N.E.D. says: "brazed = made or covered with brass. The first instance (this one) is uncertain. Can it be from broze tm solder? bepounced, pounced or sprinkled with.
455 shrttbated, with a shrill sound as ot voices in strife.
harshing, giving a harsh sound. This is the only instance of literal use recorded in the N.E.D. Cf. II, 645.
456 frlthcops, frith + copse.
458 his sharp aduersitye treading, trampling on, subduing his sharp adversity.



459 gogled, turned bis eyès to one side.
462 on suddeyn, of a sudden.
463 bickrings, fights, skirmishes. coompased, encompassed.
465 trickling, weeping.
466 do: plural probably for the two subjects nouke and region
467 Loa the, Behold thou. crooms, crumbs.
471 reaching, retehing. lyers, leers, cheeks.
blubbred. Cf. Ralph R.D. III, IV: "What weep? Fie, for shame, and blubber" and Phaer, Aeneid IX, B.b. IV b: "Shee blobbring still".
472 baretours: cf. I, 142. hardly, closely.
474 helmed, helmeted.
475 Rhesus his holding, all those belonging to Rhesüs. 478 bibled, bibbling, drinking with a bubbling noise. 481 swinged, swung.
483 top turuye, topsy turvy. 487 louring, lowering, looking sullen, drowped, drooped.
489 broker: used contemptuously.for a pedlar, petty dealer. Cf. Langland, P.P. C. VII, 95: "brocor of bakbytynge".
490 rooted sighs, heaved deep sighs. 492 ears, cares.
496 targaf, target, small circular shield; here it is shaped like a half-moon
497 lykning, likening, being like.
499 dug; cf. I, 283. platted, plaited, braided.
500 baratresse, a female barrator.
to be buckling, to be engaged in fighting.
The whole line means: Though a maid, she dared to be fighting with men 506 princelye: the adj. is added by St. 508 tal right, upright and tall, lofty.
mounting, rising.
514 task wureks, tasks. parteth, divides.
515 drawcut lotterye, a lottery, done by drawing cuts; cf. Chaucer, Pardoners tale, 465, ff.: "I rede that cut among us alle be drawe".
518 besweltred; probably, covered with sweat; cf. to smelter, to be bathed in liquid to weiter, to wallow. '
519 vnacquaynted, unknown.
521 for to shakhands freendly fear bars, now gladnes on haleth, now fear prevents now gladness impels one to shake hands like friends.
522 vnwytted, unknown.
524 what caus is of hastning, what is the cause of their haste.
525 they the piekt choisemen dyd cul from nauye; three words, piekt, chaise and cul for the same thing. They probably refers to all the sailors that had drifted awav from Aeneas.
526 houling, howling.
527 pleading pardon afurded, when leave had been granted to plead pardon 532 ventositye, gust of wind.



533 guerdon: The only meaning recorded in the N.E.D. isito reward, which is impossible here. In my opinion it can only mean: protect, ward.
536 prede, prey, plunder, heardflock, herd.
537 such courage is rarely found in conquered men. 539 hold, held; pa.ple.
541 brave, beautiful; common in Stuart English.
544 swwhmteT^The^E D. says: "If not a misprint? a combination of swashbuckler, i e a swaggering ruffian, and swartrutters (Du. swerte ruyters), irregular troops infesting the Netherlands in the i6th and I7th centuries.
huffllng, puffing, blustering.
545 flundge: cf. I, 159-
shelue flats, sandbanks. . „
s.o If ye doe skorne mankind, and eeche wight mortal his harmmg: The second half is l queer construction. The Latin text reads: "Si genus humanum et mortaha temnitis arma", if you despise the human race and mortal arms. Considermg what a bad speller St. was, it is not unreasonable to assume that harmmg stands for arming. His expresses the genitive, so that probably he means: If you scorn mankind and the arms of each mortal wight. • 553 owtpassed, surpassed. The earhest instance recorded is dated 1592, Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits XII, 183: "So great was the knowledge and wisedome of Salomo received of God that he outpassed al the ancients". 555 in breathing, living.
557 In Sicil eek region, in Sicil region eek.
558 raigneth, reigns.
spirted from Troyblud, of Trojan origin.
559 doek, creek or haven in which ships may lie on the ooZe or rtfe at anchor, accor55 ding to the tide. The earhest instance of doek as an artificial trench dates from
1634. Cf. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice: I, i, 27: "And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand".
graunt foorth thy warrant, give us your sanction.
560 clowt, clout, patch. inlecks, leaks.
564 at least wise, at least.
566 Ïhlünternttred or repeated monotonously. The Lat. has: fremebant, murmured
567 parled, spoke.
569 set rawlye, roughly established.
streineth, constrains, compels. <Wnir
572 fyrebrand glorlus onsets; the Latin text has: "tanti mcendia belli , the destruc tions of so great a war. St's construction is loose and not quite clear.
573 wytles, witless.
abyding, remaining in the same state, being. *; ^:„m 1
575 Italye Saturne: Saturn, an old Italian god, who is said to have reigned m Latium 577 He ye man, I will man you, i.e. your ships.
esquipping, equipping.
furniture, supplies, rigging, etc. 581 would God, I would to God.
inhurled, hurled in. 
1 Mehler I, 58.



583 ferret: cf. I, 313.
585 boldnlng, emboldening.
589 cocksure, absolutely secure or safe.
590 sanckt should be sanck. Cf. Patés' corrections.
591 remnaunt, rest, other things.
592 drossye, impure. When the drossy cloud relinquished them.
593 (The cloud) which first was as thick as earth, vanished to airy thinness. The earhest instance in the N.E.D. of: to vanish into (air or smoke), dates from 1590, Marlowe, 2nd part of Tamburlaine V, 111: "Weepe heavens and vanish into liquid teares". Cf. also, 1609, Dekker, Guli's Hornbk. 27: "Plaudities, and the breath of the great Beast, which (like the threatnings of two cowards) vanish all into aire". This last is the earhest instance recorded of the identical expression.
594 redowning, redounding.
596 his sight was yoouthlye bepurpled: Lat. "lumenque iuventae purpureum", the purple brilliancy of youth.
bush, hair.
597 his looke sweete simpred, he smiled sweetly. Bullished iuerye, polished ivory.
599 touch stoane: Lat. Pariusve lapis, stone of Paros. Paros was one of the Cyclades, noted for its fine marble.
602 detalcked of Affrick: The Latin reads: "Libycis ereptus ab undis", i.e. rescued from the Libyan waters. To defalk or defalcate ia only recorded as: to reduce, cut off. St. uses it in this sense in his Dedication 57: "Hee (Phaer) hath rather dubled, than defalckt oght of my paines". So the only plausible solution is: I am Aeneas, reduced (to this state) by the storms of Africa.
603 succeres, female succour or helper.
605 hagler, haggler. To haggle = to advance with difficulty and obstruction. Cf. III, 670.
608 routs, troops.
609 wilde should be wyde; cf. Patés' corrections.
612/3 what vertuus heunly both father and moother, how virtuous and heavenly (must have been) both your father and mother.
615 orbs, the azure transparent spheres conceived by the ancients to surround the earth, one within another, and to carry the heavenly bodies in their revolutions. Olympus, the heavens.
616 by eternity; probably: in all eternity. 620 apaled, appalled.
622 hazards, Cf. I, 211;
624 flounst, flounced, dashed or driven with violence. 626 whillon, whilom.
629 raigned; the Lat. has: vastabat, devastated.
632 enne, even; the first n must be a misprint for u.
633 deriued: the Latin reads: "seque ortum .... volebat", (he) wished himself sprung. ofspring, descent, lineage.
634 freend Troians, friends, Trojans.
635 (I) suffering similar hard ventures and adversity formerly, good fortune at last reposed me in this kingdom.
637 flighted, put to flight.
flicted, affUcted. 639 seruice godlye, divine service.
641 an hundred bristeled hudgebrawns; Lat. "horrentia centum terga", a hundred bristling chines. Braam probably stands for the whole boar.



643 trimmed, decorated.
644 apted, arranged.
645 purpuled, purple.
646 ot plate great cupboords, cupboards ruil of plates.
$ ZSÏS&JEgtt***, » —. a « af persons ,0 b. specially prayed for.
649 l^'^tZS^nces of: to edge = to give keenness or^ncisive forS to (appetite, wit, etc), is dated i599. Shakespeare Henry V, HIV^. •™t splritof Honor edged more sharper then your swords, lugh to the field .
654 gouldfrets, gold wire.
655 saufred Achantus, saffron Achantus; Lat. crocea acantho.
So favrveP small^tful woman or child. The only instance recorded in the N.E.D. 59 Ka LyirA^e, S "Miss Merton was surprised by the beauty of the young
SflïS. une 659, and too frft«. line 66r are both dependent on: He wüled,
661 garga6net; carcanet, chain of precious stones, necklace, or ornamental headband.
662 with this charge vttred, this charge being uttered.
66, with caers intoxicat, extremely worried with cares. ^ 667 fire smouldered hutfling, stirring up the smouldenng fire (of love^
670 cockney, cockered child, hence mother's darhng, spodt child, CL ^343.
671 buïckiné- a term of endearment. Probably from M. Du. boelkyn, buelkm, a dmii- s 7 nuüve of" m Z boel, buel. Later the Du. word was used as a term °f contempt
sïverwijs en Verdam, Middeln. Wdb., and Bense's Dictionary of the Low Dutch Element in the English Vocabulary. 674 by broothers byrth to the lincked, thy brother.
678 Iunonical harbours, refuge granted by Juno.
679 pad, paddock, toad. Cf. Du: Er schudt een addertje in t gras.
680 endewours should be endevours. Cf. Patés' corrections.
love Aeneas with me.
683 drift; cf. I, 25. compasse, contrive.
684 at the father's sending, sent for by the father.
685 forward, future.
692 smacklye, with smacks. bebasse, cover with kisses.
694 lyplicks, kisses; a bad example of words coined by bt.
695 hoatlooue, hot love, i.e. Cupid's arrow.
697 ot puts he his feathers, he removes his wings. fauoring, resembling; perhaps, imitating. Cf. 111, 3°4gatetrip, gait-trip, way of walking.
698 partye, i.e. Ascanius.
699 cocknyed, cherished, beloved. Cf. I, 670.
no seats are mentioned: "stratoque super discumbitur ostro .



707 cosshery, feasting. From Ir. coisir, feasting, entertainment. Cf. Skeat and Mayhew, p. 92.
709 maunchefs, manchets, small rolls of finest white bread.
710 buttrye, buttery, place for provisions. The word has nothing to do with butter, but is derived from bottle.
713 francklye, hberally.
714 freshlye, dressed gaily (showy).
715 neeld, needie.
717 speaking, striking.
718 saffrod; cf. 1,655.
719 lotted, destined.
721 mopsy, young, small person; term of endearment.
lurcheth, monopolizes (to the disavantage of another), filches.
722 dandiprat, small, insignificant person; also said of a young lad or girl; urchin. 725 princox, pert or forward boy. The N.E.D. says: "Etymology and original form
obscure. The forms -cocks, -cox appear earlier than -cock. One suggestion is that the first element is prime, but though primecock is used by Florio, this looks rather like an etymological manipulation: other early writers held it for an alteration of Lat. praecox = early, precocious. Apparently the word was originally of slang or low use, perhaps somewhat obscene and equivocal". Cf. Scott, Nigel (1822) XXXVI "Nay I scorn the proud princox too much for that". Still used in n. Yorkshire and Lancashire. Cf. E.D.D.
727 peacock; i.e. Cupid.
728 raze, remove.
729 haling the affection fro the dead (Sichaeus) with quick huing looue. 732 bols, bowls.
mazars, mazers, large drinking-bowls, crownd the they mazars, they crowned the mazers. 735 owted, dispelled.
737 with stoans coucht precious, set with precious stones.
738 spirt wyne nappye; probably: a spirt of nappy (i.e. heady) wine.
739 This cup King Belus with all her ancestors used.
741 Thou art truly reported to be the stay of guest-folks.
742 with, and.
744 make sport Bacchus, Bacchus the maker of sports.
745 my freend Tyrians; cf. I, 634. frollick, entertain by a frolic.
746 she dipped (her lip).
747 chargeth; probably: challenges. Lat. increpitcms.
at a blow: a translation of the Lat. impiger, active, but it may also be a misprint for bowl. 751 irauersd, changed, shifted.
754 thee rainebreede seunstars, the raingiving Hyades; a cluster of stars in the head
of Taurus supposed by the ancients to indicate the coming of rainy weather,
when they rose with the sun. 754 Trionical orders: Lat. geminosque Triones. Mehler explains: "the two ploughing-
oxen viz. Ursa major and Ursa minor".
order, constellation.
757 flapped, clapped. plaudite, applause.
758 sundrye motiue demands, demands with sundry motives.
759 atached, attached, seized; said of death, sickness, love, passion. 763 decipher, disclose, teil.



BOOK II
i tentlue, attentive.
3 scarrify, scarify, make a number of scratches or slight incisions. 5 my sight hath wytnesed heauye, my heavy sight has witnessed.
7 ruter; probably router, ruffian; cf. to rout, harass.
Dolopans, Dolopians; Lat. Myrmidonum Dolopumve, Thessalian tribes fighting under Achilles. Cf. Mehler, I, 69. in harckning, in listening.
8 karne, foot soldier in Ireland or Scotland. From Ir. ceatharnack. canckred, malignant.
9 ear, hear.
10 with moysture thee night, dewy night.
11 slnmber: n misprint for u.
12 how be yt, however.
15 stomach: the Lat. has animus.
16 bayne, bathe.
17 thyn, thy. rehersal, recital.
affected, passionate, passionately eager; cf. affect = affection, passion. Lat affectus.
18 mated, checkmated.
19 engyn; cf. I, 37.
20 steamlng; cf. I, 170.
21 a vow for passadge they faynde, they feigned to have made a vow to return, (to Greece).
Brute, bruit, report.
22 ambry, repository, chest. ramd, crammed, stuffed.
ribs; i.e. the spaces between the ribs. clustered armoure, a cluster of armed men. 24 famosed; cf. I, 7.
27 in sort, in a group.
28 al we, all of us.
29 longborne: the only instance recorded is dated 1620, S. A. Gorges. lo the King in Farr. S. P. Jas. I (1847) 315: "Yet in my longborne zeal".
30 vagare, vagary, wandering or devious journey.
39 whether he ment treasons, or so stood destenye Troian, either he did so because he wanted to betray us, or it was our Destiny.
43 spatter, scatter, disperse in fragments.
44 kym kam, crooked, awkward, perverse. 47 fond, foolish.
harebrayne, harebrained, giddy.
49 weene you, do you think. hodipeck, hoddy-peak, fooi.
50 Or that there is not some trick in their presents.
ss ensigne, sign. . , , , „
so and tor a ful reckning I lyk not barrel nor hearing, and to make my account full,
I do not hke barrel or herring. Cf. Udall: "Two feloes beeying lyke flagacious, and
neither barell better hearyng, accused each other". 58 stout, proudly.
his should be left out. See Patés' corrections.



chaapt, chaped; a chape is a metal plate put on something to cover or ornament it. 6b vauts, vaults; vault because of the hollow sound it makes.
61 clush clash: reduphcative form from clash; cf. clish clash. Typical is the accumulat ion of words expressing sounds in this line: clush, clash, drum, cl alter, hum.
62 knedrled, kneaded. course, coarse, harsh.
69 too coompas his heasting, to encompass his behest. 71 brasse bold, as bold as brass. 73 c°8» aeceive, play false.
to purchas a Tyburn, to purchase a certain death; Tyburn was the place of exe-
cution.
75 frumping; cf. Dedication L 200.
quillites, subtleties, quibbles. The earhest instance recorded dates from 1588, Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, IV, III, 288: "Some trick, some quillets how to cheet the divell".
76 coosinage, cozenage.
78 conster, construe; common in Stuart Enghsh, cf. 1719. D'Urfey, Pills (1872), IV,
208: "Few can teil his Pedigree, or his subtle nature conster". 80 heedelye, heedüy, heedfully. 82 hoaplosf, one who is beyond hope.
89 plight, pledge.
90 ofsprlng; cf. I, 633. 92 cogger, impostor. 94 renowmed; cf. I, 81.
lying, lyingly.
100 cocksure; cf. I, 589.
101 we were held in esteem; cf. Du. er werd rekening met ons gehouden.
102 coosen, cousin, relative. snapt, seized.
103 far publisht, widely known. gloze, use fair words. twattle, talk much and idly.
104 choloricque should be cholerique. See Patés' Corrections. dumpt, grieved, was downcast.
ranckled, fretted, chafed. Cf. Gladstone, 1894, Odes of Horace, IV. IV. 63: "Alcides, rankhng to be foüed, saw the lopped limbs grow quickly again".
105 not controlling my tongue. fustian, vain, useless.
106 kindly; cf. I, 182.
108 lypthreats: cf. lyplicks. 1,694.
109 crosbar, impediment, misfortune. in fabled, invented, devised.
114 chat, chatter, prate. ianglerye: used adj. jangling. trim trams, nonsense.
115 what needs this hyndrlng, what use is this delaying.
116 syth this eke herd serueth: Lat. "idque audire sat est"; Mehler explains: ("it is sufficiënt") to be called thus, viz a Greek and therefore hateful" \ St. probably means: since, the fact alone that I am a Greek, will be sufficiënt to kill me.
117 so, so that.
1 Mehler: Vergilius Aeneid I, 75.



H9 doubting, suspecting.
120 chil shiuering, shivering with cold.
with hert.... hollow, with a false, deceitful heart.
122 clooyd with, cloyed, satiated, weary with.
123 yet yt had so truelye, it certainly would have happened (viz. this return homeward), but often etc.
126 hurring, cf. 1,253.
127 geason: cf. I, 161. agrysed, affrighted, terrified.
130 swagd: cf. I, 76.
131 bended, bent.
135 atached: cf. 1,759.
136 sacrafice should be sacrifice. See Patés' corrections.
137 shrewdwyt Vlisses, the shrewd-witted Vlysses.
140 sprauleth: the N.E.D. says: to crawl from one place to another in a strugghng
and ungraceful manner. Also fig. to proceed, issue. 142 to make it scrupulous, to scruple, hesitate to do something. The earhest instance
recorded dates from 1593, Treetrothe's New Yeare's Gift, 3: "and it being my
hap to enquire from whence he came, hee made it not scrupulous to certifie his
comming from heil".
rehersal; cf. II, 17.
145 of purpose, on purpose, as previously planned by Calchas and Ulysses.
146 priuat, privately.
148 with posting passadge, very fast.
149 fruits; Lat. salsae fruges, i.e. grains of spelt mixed with salt. Cf. Mehler, I 77. garland; Lat. vitta, ribbons worn by the priest and the man or animal to be sacrificed. Cf. Mehler, I, 77.
150 knowledge, acknowledge.
151 woas; Lat. ulva, seaweed. The N.E.D. records a form woad (error for woar, oare, ore) = seaweed. This is very probably the same word .The Leyden edition is printed in italic type, so that a for d is a quite likely mistake. See also the last line of the fragment from Book VIII: quoa for quod.
154 accounting myself entirely without hope for my father and children.
155 be should be by.
156 supernal, celestial.
158 touzed, worried.
159 thawde, thawed. 161 gratius, graciously.
163 resolue me, inferm, assure me. 166 instructed with Greek treachery. 170 headbands; see II, 149.
172 blab, betray; sounds rather colloquially after: You fires perpetual, etc. but compare blubber, bibble etc.
175 yf gitts bee largelye requited, if in telling I requite your gifts.
176 the assurance of the Greeks.
177 shouldered, undertaken? or got through?
179 lewdly, wickedly.
180 patterne, image, filthelye, meanly.
181 brude, imbrued. Cf. 1566, Neville, Seneca's Oedipus, 92: "His eyes all bathed and brude in bloud".
188 chauffing; cf. I, 97.



i8q targat; cf. i, 496. 191 for that, because.
194 purvey, provide.
195 plat, plan or scheme of the actual or proposed arrangement.
197 the prophet (Calchas) ordered this to be done.
198 C. wanted to erect a huge horse.
200 The construction is loose: '*and so to bee shielded yet agayn with patronage anticque" must refer to the Greeks who had lost this patronage by the violation of the image of Pallas.
202 graund, great.
the author hls hertroote, the heartroot (i.e. the person beloved to) the author.
203 replennish, become full.
207 glosing; cf. II, 103.
a stincking periured hangman; note the strong degree of contempt, leaving no doubt as to Aeneas' opinion. gay, lively.
208 blinded by the nicety (subtlety) of the tears wrang from him.
209 Lauissoean; ce should be ce; the ligature 33 is in most cases printed as ce.
213 iump, exactly; cf. 1579 Twyne, Phisicke agst. Fort. i, xxiv, 33a: "Thou art iump of mine opinion", and Shak. Hamlet, v, ii, 386: "But since so iump upon this very question, you from the Polack wars, and you from England, are here arri-
ved" and Ussher, Ann. 111 (1658) 13: "The time of this Belus falls in jump
with the age of Amenophis". apaling; cf. i, 620.
216 through standing deepe flud apeased, through the quiet, tranquil, deep flood. Cf. Lat. "tranquilla per alta".
218 plasht, plashed, struck the surface of the water so as to break it up. sulcking; cf. i, 3.
219 vpsteamlng; cf. i, 170. man es: Lat. jubae, crest. inhaunced; cf i, 13.
221 croompled, curled.
swashlye, swashingly, plashingly.
222 rowsed, stirred.
flownse, sudden jerk, plunging or flopping movement cf. i, 624.
224 lapping, licking. brandished, brandishing.
225 grisled, frightful.
226 raght; cf. I, 62.
sucklings: here used in a genera! sense, sons, children.
227 with circle poysoned hooking: St. means: embracing them with their deadly coils. Cf. ii, 231, 247 hooping, hooped.
228 renting, rending.
230 sone, son. embayed, shut in.
y coompast, encompassed.
231 midil, middle.
wig wag, writhing, twisting.
232 to top, to be superior to.
233isquise, squeeze. The earhest instance recorded of the vérb is dated 1601; of the past ple. 1598, Florio: "Mizzifrutti — rotten, withered, brazed or squeazed fruites, mellowe".



234 oyncted, anointed, covered with.
2,s ireams, roars, rages. Lat. fremere. Cf. Skeat and Mayhew. Cf. 1576 Turbery> Venerié 238: "a bore freameth", and 17" Puckle Club, 90: "An hart bellows, a buck groyns . . . . a boar freams". .' , . T„a„
skrawling, spreading Umbs abroad in a sprawhng manner; gesticulatmg, cf. 1380 Wyclif. Serm. CCXXX, Sel. Wks. II, 204: "And bis spirit crymge, made mm scrawle or al to teeringe him, went oute from him". to the skye brays terribil hoyseth, he raises terrible cnes towards heaven.
238 dragons: viz. the serpents.
240 mated, amazed, bewüdered. atached; cf. I, 759-
245 rampier, rampire, rampart. gapwyd, with a wide gap.
247 slider, beam or plank on which something heavy may be slid.
248 mlscheuus, productive of mischief.
249 ful bagd, filled. sonnets; cf. I, 2.
250 eager to touch the rope once.
251 hit, it.
3 Bayar'd- amocïheroiJnamefor ahorse. especially blina bayara. Here it evidently refers to persons. bedusked, blinded. 262 whusted; cf. I, 357. • 265 shooue, push on.
When the light of the admiral had been hoisted.
lf7 'SXSS^S?™ who are hnked together in the closetlike paunch. 270 ishued, issued.
272 holpt, helped.
Epeus, the maker of the engine.
273 drunckness, drunkenness.
276 betaketh, overtakes, pursues. , ",,«». u,™ if he were a
steedyocks, two horse car or chariot.
281 SS, dogged with mud or mire, befouled by trading through mud or wet.
282 vpswelling, swelling up. raynes, reins, ybroached, pierced, torn.
283 od, of singular worth, renowned.
286 sloottish, sluttish, unkempt. ,
cluttred, clotted; cf. Marston, Antomo, Pt. II, 1. 46°- ^ats my cuz, y
whose brest hangs cased in cluttered gore".
hears, hairs. , , , ,
291 Iets, óbstacles, hindrances. So: what obstacles delayed thee.
294 tost, tossed (ashore).
296 accoumpted, heeded.
297 vpplucking; see Introduction.
298 carcas, body. abandon, save.



300 God's desteny granted enough life to the city and to Priam.
301 fortefye, fortify, impart strength or vigour to.
302 fiste, cf. I, 341.
fensive, defensive; this hand, killing the Greeks would have finished the service
of defending Troy. 304 pilots of fate, guides of destiny. 309 a changabil howling, all sorts of cries. 312 skrich, screech.
314 shril, a shril sound.
315 sindged, singed.
316 whizeling, wUstling.
318 wyndfal, something blown down by the wind.
319 crack rack crashing; the noise made by a falling tree, is successfuUy expressed by the succession of these three words.
pastor, herdsman, shepherd.
320 now the wües of the Greeks, long practised, were revealed.
321 furnitur, tools. 324 tramp, trampet.
taratantara, sound made by the trumpet.
ratled; not a happy word, when speaking of a trumpet. 326 shock, meet in a violent combat. 328 emprise, undertaking. 338 subuerted, overthrown,
pertlyke, pert. 340 vpvomit. See Introd. 342 kindly; cf. I, 182.
345 edgde: the earhest instance recorded in the N.E.D. dates from 1591. Shakespeare:
I Henry VI. III. iii. 52: "turn thy edged sword another way". 347 herried, praised, honoured.
349 vpclymbing; see Introd. hert sad, sad of heart.
350 leags: probably, this is a plural verb, meaning: band together. Cf. 1638 Drummond of Hawthornden. Irene Wks (1711) 166: "AU the world seeth that to league is imperiously to command their king and sovereign to cut short his pinions". As regards the singular form and the plural subject, Abbott, (a Shakespearian Grammar, p. 239 ff.) gives many examples of the inflection in -s preceding a plural subject or with two singular nouns as subject, which two are combined here Cf. Shak. Cymb. IV. 2. 371: "There is no more such masters" and Cymb. II. 4. 57. 'My hand and ring is yours".
352 vauntgard, vanguard.
354 with lyking of mad Cassandra: the Lat. has: insano Cassandrae incensus amore, inflamed by frantic love for Cassandra.
355 law-father, father in law.
356 pheere; cf. I, 84. wood, mad. herd, heard.
359 sinck, die.
360 our state that whillon preserued, (the Gods) who formerly preserved our state.
365 scarrifye; cf. II, 3.
366 rauening, ravenous, voracious. In early use, especiaUy of wolves, cf.: 1526. Pilgrim Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 129: "They wül appere in terryble simihtude as
rauenynge wolues or rampynge lyons".



vpsoackt, quite exhausted. See Introd.
369 rmCth: ntt'recorded in the N.E.D. The meaning is evident.
370 Lord, God. See Introd.
371 counteruaylabil, countervailing.
f77 S?e%co«Slgunhurt. The earhest instance recorded is 1586. Montgomerie. Misc. Poema xl, 19: "Last. Reson rais, ay shotfne under shedd .
382 ESisïrïzy; cf. 1548 Udall etc. Erasm. Par. Mark. VI 7^: "Suche a mynistre as is auicke and spedie and not a luskish loyterer or sluggerde
,8, drawlach drawlatch, lazy laggard; originaüy a thief who enters by drawing up
383 the Men cfT546, J. l£wS. pWv. (x867) 7* "^^^f^
or such a snekebilT. Cf. also: 1538 Latiner, Serm and Rem. (1845) 393- H the masters be not good, but honourers of drawlatches, change them .
384 loaden; cf. I, 216.
,85 freendlye Hk, in a friendly manner. 386 wheeled, surrounded. 389 squlseth; cf. II, 233.
chaunce, mischance. 391 vpsweld; See II, 282, and Introd.
reculed, recoüed.
. rule <e b» been cb>.fed into . by tbe Leyden printer, bete
we find the reverse. . . .
309 enslgns, emblems, marks of honour; Lat. wsigma. 403 tawchon, falchion, sword.
405 raght; cf. I, 62. refreshed, reanimated.
406 holpen, helped; cf. II, 272, holpt.
407 eftsoons, soon or often.
408 Limbo, region on the confines of Heil. 410 freight, freighted, full of.
412 wood; cf. II, 356-
vnbroyded, unbraided. 414 her inflamed eyes. ais her tender wrists eke.
J16 woodful, mad. This is the only instance recorded. 417 bedlem, bedlam.
IS S£ wltiTshowering blows. This is the only instance recorded. Cf. to peal, to shower blows on, to hammer on. See II, 492-
420 rolled down.
421 dolye, doleful.
winds that meet, contrary winds.



huzing; cf. 1,62. 427 with pufroare, blowing and roaring. ramping, raging.
429 chauffing; cf. I, 97. hoyseth: cf. I, 35.
430 policy, stratagem, crafty contrivance.
aflighted, ? put to flight. This is the only instance recorded. 433 gybbrish, gibberish.
guesh, guess. 437 relying, being devoted to. 446 dragd, lagged behind.
450 harbory, place of shelter.
451 fretting, injuring, damaging (by chafing).
warding long wymbeled entryes; the Lat. has: "obsessumque acta testudine limen". The N.E.D. records this "wymbeled", as the only instance of the word, used as an adj. meaning: bored, pierced. If we take entryes as the translation for limen, threshold, doorway, it would come to something like this: ? "(the Greeks) guarding long openings in the wall".
452 scalinges, ladders.
sowguard, sow, movable structure having a strong roof used to cover the men advancing to a besieged town or fortress.
453 tools, weapons.
rebating, reducing the effect of, repressing.
456 pashe, bash, crush. rumble, roU (together). mus ter, collection.
457 torne razte turrets, turrets torn off, razed. defenslbil armoure, arms of defence.
460 blood, ancestors. straynd, constrained.
462 repeal, repel.
463 sturd, roused.
466 posterne, postern, backdoor or gate.
470 typ; cf. I, 117.
471 cleen tyrde, dead tired.
472 toure, tower.
473 too seming, seemingly.
476 tearde, tore. hurring; cf. I, 253.
477 pat, in a manner that hits the object, crash swash, imitative words. swash, blustering noise.
478 others fill up their places.
480 dan; honourable title = master, Sir; cf. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne, 73: "Dane Phelyp was mayster that tyme", and, 1386 Chaucer, Monk's Prol. 41: "Wher shal I calle yow my lord dan John, or dan Thomas, or elles dan Albon?"
481 ruffling, shaking. brasshaped, brass.
482 owtpeaking, peaking out. poysoned, poisonous.
483 nauil, navel, central part. boorrows, burrows.



484 2^l£^ifl*~ «f colour. IThe N.E.D. records this as the earhest instance of this general sense.
485 smoog, smugfly), neatly. thirling, whirling, twirling. slyke, slick, smooth.
486 spirts, sends out in a jet. regendred, made afresh.
487 coachman, charioteer. Cf. I, 164.
491 twibbil, twibü, doublé headed battle-axe.
I03 brustêthjl^form' of breasts. The earhest instance recorded dates from i599Shakespeare, Henry V, III. Prol. 13: "Bresting the loftie surge . renteth, rends.
499 lodgins, lodgings. howting, hooting.
501 agasted, aghast.
502 colling, embracing.
504 morter, mortar, masonry.
305 ram, battering ram. . „, T T ffri
rip rap; imitation of the sound made by a rapid succession of blows. Cf Jeffne 1580, Éugbears, Epüog: "With hyffa, with huffa, with ryp rap, poff puffa, and sprityng go we".
507 pyks, pickaxes.
topsyd turuye, topsy turvy; cf. I, 483.
508 thrasholds, gates, doors, etc.
510 ruffling, disturbance. flasshye, frothy. reteyneth, keeps.
511 spurging, spouting or gushing out. shogging, jerking, strüdng.
516 law daughters, daughters-in-law; cf. II, 355-
517 traueling, labour.
the ladies here, at least not directly; spes tania nepotum, so great a hope of grand.sons.
519 fret, adorn.
520 razde, razed.
521 happlye, perhaps.
523 sloa, slow. . vnusual armoure, armour not used for a long time.
524 rrglay,"word. it was the name of the sword belonging toSir Bevis, Drayton, Polyoloion, ii, 332: "Arundell bis Steed, and morglay his good sword ., cf. claymore (glaymore). See Skeat and Mayhew.
Ms sydes vnhable, his weak sides.
525 foyne, foin, a pass in fencing; so here: thrust of the sword. 531 shaw should he saw. Cf. Patés corrections.
surcharged, overburdened. 533 mayls, coat of maü. 535 courraged, coufageous.
yoithlye, young.



54° thrusting through the powerful armed men. 541 begoaring, dirtying. 544 soarye, sorry. 549 so that, if.
551 cancred, cankered, malignant.
551/2 I suppose St. means: (Thou) that murderedst the (= my) son in his father's presence with spiteful malignant villainy, staining my sight with butchery, art greatly different from Achilles. , .553 thwart; cf. I, 383. feigned, said to be.
555 tendring, observing.
557 cleene, entirely.
560 quod, quoth.
562 aduertise, give notice.
565 hoarelocks, hoarylocks.
566 ducking, pushing.
567 dwynd, dwined, wasted.
vphilted, pushed in as far as the hüt.
571 trunchon, trunk, body.
572 atached; cf, I, 759.
574 adgemate, man of the same age: of. G. Altersgenoss. This is the only instance in
the N.E.D., which says: "This word is worth reviving". '575 soalye, solely.
577 fensive; cf. II, 302.
578 tyerde, tired.
579 with purposed offer, offering themselves on prupose.
580 naked, unprotected. 583 doubting; cf. I, 69.
585 mak bate, one who or something which creates contention or discord; cf. More, 1529, Strppl. Soulys Wks. 296/2: "They agree better together then to fal at variance of ye wild words of suche a malicious make-bate".
586 formd; the N.E.D. says: to form: used of a hare, to seat, to take to her form. This is the only possible meaning here; no instance is given of the word applied to persons. Cf. Lat. "abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat", she had bidden herself and was sitting hated on the altars.
593 beskorched, scorched.
596 woonman should be wooman. See Patés' corrections.
gleamed, gleaned. 598 slea, slay.
601 roisting, roistering, bullying.
betraynted: the N.E.D. says: "a doubtful formation. Perhaps an erroneous form.
Cf. train, v. = draw, drag. So: borne or carried away. The only instance recorded. 603 dusk, invisible.
brimlye, bremely, brilliantly.
605 eeune, even. heunblisse, heavenly bliss.
606 sweet rose parley, the words from her sweet rosy mouth.
608 charye, treasured, dear.
609 speedines; note the i, whereas in similar formations St. almost invariably spells e.
612 the assaulting Greeks would have hilled them.
613 over highlye, too, very highly, cf. overmuch. 615 fautye, faulty, culpable.



616 froward, adverse. 619 destlnat, destined.
622 ïmSefoggVe^bedusted, toggy snoke, full of dust; cf. Lat. "mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum", smoke waving with dust mixed into it.
623 mace three torcked, trident. vphurleth: see Introd.
625 fraight; cf. II, 410.
627 whoup, whoop, call; Lat. vocat.
630 thee father of deitee; i.e. Jupiter. courradge, encourage.
631 procurement, management, dishable, disable, destroy.
634 to tyme, tili the time.
636 frouncing, frowning; cf. Du. fronsen.
637 Sayncts soure deities, the peevish Gods.
638 vplayd, destroyed? The Lat. has: considere, sink down.
639 topsy turvye; cf. I, 438 top turuye, and II, 507. topsyd turuye.
640 oaken; the Lat. has ornum, ash.
641 SE^^SÏ» name in pastoral poetry for a rustic. Here used ad^ Cf . 1581, Bell Haddon^sAnswer Osn. 259*. V. "I suppose Condon himself could not have done more rustcially".
twibbil; see II, 491-
642 min eed, hacked into. swinckers; see I, 3.
643 becking, nodding.
palsye, shake as if with palsy.
645 IreÏal^hÏÏvytVor cLh; here probably associated with ~ aad
Cf VIIL i5: such as oft. with — robel hobble love to P^*^," harssheth, gives a harsh sound; the only instance of hteral use in the N.E.D. cf. 1,
455-
stock, trunk. 651 to live longer now that Troy was burnt.
„. Z2&£Stë£&2£i <or • - «. - • +* <=•
first used allusively here. g/^t W^TStSS'to testify mournfully the misery of the Trojans.
80 ISffSiJ: 4The earhest instance in **^^*?££% ££ face to Miscel.: "Some have fished the very jakes ^ pape»_left tta» hy men of wi?'. Here of course it has a direct object, which it has not in St. but the mea-
SnggravehtoTevoyded is harmlesse, to remain without a grave is harmiess, the Lat has: "facilis iactura sepulcri", the loss of a tomb is hght.
661 pampred, indulged to excess.
663 thundring lightnings, thunder and hghtning.
beblasted, breathed upon (already used by Phaer, 155»)-
S ^%£iï%»>* -straint. The only instance in the N.E.D.



667 tame, subdue.
669 oldgrey, greybeard. The only instance in the N.E.D.
670 verelye, verily.
672 sclender, slender, shght.
673 soole, sole.
674 fond; cf. II, 46. patcherye, roguery, knavery.
flicker, flutter; so: shall such foolish knavery flutter (rise) from the father's sermons.
677 roote, uproot, destroy.
678 catch that catch may be, lay hold of in any way, each as he can; Cf. 1393. Gower, Conf. III, 240: "Was none in sight, but cacche who that cacche might".
680 A very queer construction. Per haps the author means: (dan Pyrrhus) who murdered the son fast (close) by the sire, and the sire (too) at the altars; cf. II, 552.
681 wasd, was it.
682 riffle, rifle, pillage. 688 tergat; cf. I, 496.
690 pheere; here, wife: cf. I, 84. reteyned, detained.
691 owtraging, outrageous. She tendered the son, Iulus, to the outrageous father.
700 frizeling, frizzling, curling.
701 hearebush, erop of hair. The only instance in the N.E.D.; cf. Du: haarbos.
702 to quench the sacred flame.
704 hertly, heartily.
705 if any prayer move thee.
706 godlines, piety.
707 assüstaunce should be assistaunce. See Patés' corrections. stablish, confirm.
710 cleerenes, clearness, light.
714 fulsoom, full, abundant." sent, scent.
orpyn, orpiment, a bright mineral substance, the trisulphide of arsenic, also ca lied yellow arsenic, found native in soft masses resembling gold in colour.
715 got up lustily.
616 crinital, hairy, crinite (used of a cornet). The only instance in the N.E.D.
717 to be packing; cf. I, 406.
718 saulfe, save.
nephew, grandson; perhaps influence of Lat. nepotem.
719 we may leave the management of Troy to you.
720 track, follow the track. 726 either good luck or bad.
728 slack not, be not slow.
729 tumb; the Lat. has: tumulus, mound. aneereth, is near to.
730 ciper, cypress.
731 progeniotours should be progenitours. See Patés' corrections.
732 hewt, grove, copse; here: the tree.
733 country deitees, household gods. warelye, warily, carefully.
734 embrewd, imbrued.
741 pit pat; the sound itself. See Introd.



742 through crosse blynd allye, through crossing (intersecting) dark aüeys; cf. Lat. per opaca locorum, through daak places.
77445 3£ murnruSgalthe wind or rippling water, piping or wh^thng srftJy lil JedÏÏ worm out, ctecrepit. The earhest instance of fig. use is dated 1621, Quarle^ Argalus & P. (1678) 73: "Whose richly furnish'd Table, would invite a bednd
MSS£ pröutTstï'possession (on account of fear for his father and son).
750 soon flee, (my)son flee.
751 brasshapen, brass; cf. II, 48i. harneise, barness.
752 forecast, intended.
753 vncooth, Unknown.
<,« if she had remained behind, weary. . skewd, turned sidewards. The only instance of this particular meaning m the
76i belcht.' from to belch, to eject gas or wind from the stomach; here: to cTy.
770 lightflams; perhaps: torches. Not recorded in the N.E.D.
771 nightye, nightly.
774 on fretting, devouring, consummg.
775 whize, fly with a hissing sound. 777 apted, devoted.
„9 hurded, hoarded.
783 mothers cold (with fear) in their hearts.
785 howtlng; cf. II, 499-
786 belling, bellowing.
790 appeared to me hke a ghost.
791 my hear stared, my hair stood on end. stutted, stuttered.
■ 792 carck, anxiety; cf. I, 649. 796 shortned, reduced. 800 bespoken, spoken of, reported. 803 snuft; sniffing? term of coiitempt.
Dolopans; cf. II, 7811 pufwynd, windpuff.
effects and their lives.
818 S&T&ng above the top of the high hill Ida.
819 citttodye, guarding, watch.
821 shrunck, retired, as from danger.
BOOK III
2 squysd; cf. II, 233.
3 quight, quite.
1 Mehler: Vergilius Aeneis I, 115-



4 forren, fo reign.
5 rigd, rigged.
flat vnder, exactly under; Du' vlak onder; cf. Tindale, 1531, Exp. John, (1537) 28: "When the sonne is flat sowth".
7 saulf; cf. I, 251.
8 the early part of the summer. 11 platfourms; cf. 1,430.
13 bended, bent.
14 cleaped, cf. 1,256.
15 sum, some,
16 the seat allied to Troy.
17 whilst fortune was favourable:
crosse Mast, unfavourable wind, The earhest instance recorded of cross with reference to the wind, is dated, 1617, Bayne, On Eph. (1658): "Eveiy wind, even the crossest shall help me. The only instance recorded of erossblast is dated 1763, Johnson, Letter to G. Strahan, 14 Jury: "My friendship is hght enough to be blown away by the first crossblast".
19 of my name, after my name.
20 triumphaunts; used subst.; probably St. means the household gods they had taken with them.
21 the begun wurck. The position of the past participle before the substantive is quite unusual. For more examples see Introd.
23 tumb; cf. II, 555, 729.
24 crumpled, entangled. myrdel, myrtle.
edging, growing along the edges. The N.E.D. says: "forming an edge, a border, only used of hills, etc."
26 slips, twigs.
27 hazard; cf. I, 211.
28 supplanted, torn out.
roote seat, roots. Not recorded in the N.E.D.
29 an abundance of black blood filtered (from the tree) with a trilling drop, drop.
30 quiuerish, quivering.
31 ransackt, searched (the place to see where the blood came from).
32 vp pluckt, plucked out.
34 spirt; of liquids: to spring or burst out in small quantity, but with some force. 36 crabbed, unpleasant.
39 my misprint for my.
40 shall I go on or shall secrecy seal my mouth.
41 skritche; cf. 11,312.
42 rebounding, resounding; cf. III, 446. 45 rack, torment.
47 Canibal country. Virgil has: crudeles tem/as, cruel country.
48 fel, cruel.
50 hear starde; cf. II, 791.
rested, remained. j,T toaden; cf. I, 216.
52 preeuelye, privüy.
rector, ruler or governor of a country; cf. 1387 Trevisa, Higden, (Rolls) III, 55: "From Eneas to this Romulus Italy was under fiftene rectoures".
53 charelye; cf. I, 290.
noozeld, nuzzled, chrished, fostered.



54 gardera; obs. form of guardian.
56 clingd, clung.
57 fówlye, foully.
58 vphurdeth, hoards up; cf. II, 779.
59/60 thou, accursed hunger of gold, constrainest men's minds with wiles or virtue to encompass all sorts of feats and endeavours.
St. translates the Lat. sacra fames by consecrat hunger. The N.E.D. records consecrat as consecrated, sacred. This cannot be correct here. More likely the meaning is: devoted to doom, destruction, which the N.E.D. calls a Latinism. This makes it even more probable here. Cf. Cooper, Admon. 183: "Sainte Paule doth consecrate these to the Doctrines of Deuilles". The Lat. has sacra, which means devoted to the Gods of Hades, so: accursed.
vertue probably means here (greater) strength, force; so that with wyels or vertue means: by wiles or by force.
65 Paltocks Inne, a mean inhospitable place. The N.E.D. records one more instance of 1579. Gosson, Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 52: "comming to Chenas, a blind village, in comparison of Athens a Paltocks Inne". The Lat. has: pollutum hospitium. wrinche, wrench, turn.
66 obit may be: record of his death or obsequies. In heapwise, in a heap.
68 swartye, black. Clpers; cf. II, 730.
69 trol, run about. tracing, walking.
discheaueled hearlocks, dishevelled locks of hair. 71 mayne, great. lifted, raised.
73 lancht, launched.
74 gadding; cf. I, 322.
75 searowme, searoom, space at sea open from obstructions in which a ship can be manoeuvred easüy. Here simply: sea.
76 dame, dam,
relying, belonging to; this is the only instance recorded.
77 bayed, surrounded.
the loue heunlye, the heavenly Jove.
78 famosed; cf. I, 7.
83 with a consecrate headband of laurels.
85 hostrye, the house of our host.
87 soom bye place, some second Troy.
89 scraaps^scraps. Save the scraps (left to us) from Achilles, save the relics from the Greeks.
97 squat grooueling, squatting and groveling.
98 brawnd; cf. I, 206.
100 track out, try and tracé. . 102 soons soons and soons; a long line of descendants is predicted. We fmd a similar
repetition in Marlowe's Tamburlaine A, IV, 2, 1466 (Oxford, 1910): "Stoop,
villaine, stoope, stoope". 107 lordings, lords.
hear, what we may expect and hope for. in if I am not mistaken in the history, which was told to me. 113 picht; cf. I, 189.



114 habitans, inhabitants.
116 moonewise, learned in the movements of the moon.' Coribanfs; the attendants of Cybele.
brasse; the Lat. has: aera, cymbals.
117 thence cooms trustye silence vsd In sollemnltye sacred; Lat. "hinc fida silentia sacris", to which Mehler (II, 12) adds a note: "the initiated faithfully kept the secrets of the service of Cybele".
120 swadged: cf. I, 76. ï2i so that, if. 122 puf fed, blown.
125 blackbeast is not recorded as one word.
126 best, beast.
12S vnfurnished, empty. holye, cf. I, 26.
130 skincking Bacchus, Bacchus pouring out the wine.
131 gaily decked with green. 134 thickskyn, thickskinned.
140 counsayld, advised.
141 docks; Lat. sicco littore, the dry shore; cf. I, 559.
142 clustred, came in great numbers. tylladge, tillage.
144 boch, botch, swelhng of the skin; an eruptive disease or plague, as: the botch of Egypt.
ranged, was abroad.
147 the dogetar Sirius heated (scorched) the fields (until they were) quite fruitless.
148 renegeth; cf. 11,651. 152 holden; cf. I, 57.
154 fyrebroyls, heat of a conflagration. The only instance in the N.E.D.
155 glisfred shyning, glistening glow. aparaunce, appearance
156 Intnp; misprint for iump; cf. II, 213.
wyndoors, windore; altered from window by association with door; cf. wind-door = window. brimlye; cf. II, 603.
157 shredding of, taking away.
159 Sir, the prediction which Apollo intends to record to you, he discharges here. No earlier instance is recorded of: discharge = give utterance to than 1600, E. Blount, tr. Conestaggio, 229: "There they discharged their choler"; cf. also: Shakespeare, Macbeth, V. i. 81: "Infected minds to their deafe pilkrw res will discharge their secrets".
160 skapte, escpaed. Troybrands, the fires of Troy.
161 seaplash, sea.
168 plenty fertil abounding, of great fertihty.
169 the coompanye yonger, the descendants. 172 aud mis print for and.
*75 ghigHng, jinghng; irreverent for Lat. voce deorum. geason; cf. I, 161.
177 tucktlocks, tucked locks.
178 a cold sweat dyd enter through my ioynctes; this is rather fantastic, sweat entering through the joints; the Lat. has: "gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor", cold sweat flowed from all my body.



i8i tickled, excited. ,
iS* stumbling, blundering. He saw that bis blunder arose from the doubtful ancestry
and that the acceptance of doublé ancestors had made his error the greater. 187 remetnbred, mentioned.
195 gyddye, furious, wild.
196 voyded of al coast sight, having lost sight of the coast entirely.
197 gloomming, gleaming.
clampred, put together hastily; cf. 1563-87 Foxe, A. & M. (1684) III, 5: This
apish mass became so clampered and patched together with so many divers and
sundry additions". 200 chauffe sea, chafing sea.
plasshye, that piashes, dashes, or falls with a plash. 202 lightbolts, thunderbolts; this is the earhest instance recorded, 206 repealed, repelled.
209 vppeaking, rising up. steamd; cf. I, 170.
210 strucken, struck.
211 canted?tilted up .Still in use in various diatects. See E.D.D. cf. Cor. "cant up the bottle"; "Caunt the pole a httle to the right".
212 strophades, a group of islands.
213 plat», sandbanks. Cf. Du. zandplaat.
214 Celcena; ce should be <b.
215 franckling, frankhn.
217 piage, plague.
218 Stigian, of the Styx. carmoran, cormorants.
219 pynde, pined, worn out.
220 garbadge, off al. , gulled, guzzled.
draftye, vüe, rubbishy.
221 tallants, talons.
222 vpsoaken; cf. II, 366. 224 heards, herds.
franckye; a nonce word, frank-fed, stalled.
lf7 iaSWÏ ban'ks. The earliest instance recorded is dated ^ State Irel. Wks. (1805) VIII, 367: "They can prettily shroud themselves under a bush or a banksyde".
228 flushing; cf. I, 399gulligut, glutton.
229 whirlerye, whirling. 232 skriches; cf. II, 312.
harshye, harsh. reioyning, adding, joining.
235 parcels sundrye, different parts.
236 cooui, covey.
237 spourged, spurged, emitted; cf. II, 511-
Hl rowU^Ó^The N.E.D. says: „apparently O. Fr. HuioUe, in ^
a word of diminutive form. of which the stem appears to be same as Germ. eule, M.L.G. üle, perhaps altered under the influence of huer, to noot .



241 ffachets; cf. I, 92. 243 sowned; cf. Ded. 1. 10. 246 pearsd; cf. I, 93.
248 bepoudred, covered.
249 typ; cf. I, 117. rockish, rocky. Celoeno; ce should be se.
254 listenes: the word evidently means: eagerness. It is not recorded in the N.E.D. It may be a contamination of lustiness, energy and to list. The N.E.D. mentions the adv. listily = with pleasure; cf. III, 526: with listning tentiue.
256 holden; cf. I, 57.
?26o rampyred; cf. I, 280.
261 gaunted, made gaunt; cf. II, 366.
263 flickered, fluttered, flew.
265 astonied; cf. I, 520. geiu, jelly.
268 godesesse, goddesses. bugs, bugbears, goblins.
269 strond plat, flat beach.
272 soothings, prophecies.
thee godlye reseruing, preserving (us), the godly ones.
273 weyed, weighed.
274 fome seas, foaming seas.
276 midil; cf. II, 231. wooddye, woody.
277 cragged, craggy, beset with, abounding in crags; cf. 1572, J. Jones; Bathes of Bath, II, 106: "The waters descending out of the cragged rockes".
stond; this may be a misprint for strond, strand, or it may be stand, lie. ,
279 flinted, flinty, cruel.
280 vppeaks; cf. III, 209.
282 quight; cf. III, 3. tyrde; cf. II, 471.
283 gad; cf. I, 322. vpdrawne, drawn up.
284 vnhoaped, unhoped for.
285 host, sacrifice, victim; of doubtful origin.
287 larding, lard; Lat. oleo labente, slippery oil. bebasted, basted.
288 gambalds, gambols. price, prize.
289 myrrye, merry.
293 tergat; cf. 1,496.
294 ciingde shield, shield fastened (to the post). 298 relinquish, leave behind; cf. I, 408.
301 hyring, hearing. 304 pheere; cf. I, 84. .306 mazing, dazing, stupefying. whetned, whetted.
309 happelye, it happened that.
310 lamenting presents, presents offered as a sign of grief. .311 warely, warily; probably used fig. here: slowly.
312 framed, prepared.



313 burial veiling; yelling is not a very appropriate word here. that refers to tumb.
316 Troiecal, Trojan.
317 too giddy with the sight.
extasis, ecstasy, obsession by powerful emotion. 319 sowns, swoons.
elf lyke, like a ghost. 321 imp, child.
or if the worldly light relinquished thee.
323 sweeting, sweetheart. hnsband; n misprint for u.
324 in a flow of tears.
325 tinckled, made resound. vnhabled; cf. II, 631.
326 stutting, stuttering.
329 prlstinat, pristine, former.
331 famosed; cf. I, 7.
332 downe she smote her visadge, her countenance feil.
335 lottarye carnal, lottery in which the prize was a woman.
337 we have borne the pride of a stripling, the son of Achilles, fettered with thraldom,
with sharp captivity. 342 nyefe, nieve, a woman who is a villein by birth, a female neif; a slave.
344 beadmate, bedmate.
tardye, unprepared, off his guard.
345 skarboro warming, very short notice, or none at all.
347 parcerye, apportionment. This is the only instance recorded. 349 highting; cf. I, 285.
351 angel should be angle; cf. Patés' corrections.
352 faers, fares. , ... , doth he liue and breathful abydeth: the first half is formed with to do, the second without. Both have the same meaning: Does he live? Is he still ahve?
353 whom to the now Troytowne, is the rendering of the Lat.: "quem tibi ïam
Troia ", he whom to thee (when) Troy already It is difficult to complete
St's sentence.
357 toyes, trifles. , 359 buskling, setting out (hastily). Freq. of busk, get oneself ready. Cf. Skeat and
. Mayhew. 361 riet, rife.
saucing, seasoning.
363 knowledge, recognize. .... j j
364 tauoring, resembling generally, having the look of; the earhest instance recorded is dated 1609, Ben Jonson, Case is altered, III. rn: "This young lord Chamont favors my mother". All the examples in the N.E.D. only refer to persons, but the meaning is quite applicable here; cf. I, 697.
365 frollickt; cf. I, 745.
366 theym wholye, all of them.
367 whip cat, drunken. In Worc.a "whip cat" means a farmer's feast after bean setting. "To whip the cat", to get tipsy. Cf. E. D. D. and Halliwell.
bowling, drihking (from bowls), carousing; see I, 223.
368 mazurs, see I, 732. vp skynckt, filled. hoysing, raising.



369 bizllng; freq. of to hiss. The only instance recorded in the N.E.D. 371 prophet, viz. Helenus.
373 spooksmate, spokesman and friend. In Arber's edition: spooksmake, which is a misprint. The N.E.D. records the two forms, viz.: spooksmake (1582), spooksmate (1583). Both editions however have: spooksmate.
truchman, interpreter: frequent in Stuart English. Cf. Fr. truckeman; cf. also: dragoman, drogman. hallod, hallowed.
374 ominat, forebode, augur.
375 by the flight and chirping of birds.
377 sound; probably: true. The Lat. has: prospera religio, propitious religion.
378 shapte, shaped.
382 label, fillet, headband.
388 curtal, curtailed, short.
389 heedlye; cf. II, 80. 391 parings, little bits.
395 cos mi cal, relating to the terrestrial world.
396 inpaths, paths. The only instance recorded in the N.E.D., which says: "nonceword: a way that is no way, or impassable way". St. may have misunderstood the Lat. invia and taken it as intricate or internat way.
parted, separated. 399 Limbo; see II, 408. 403 banck syeds; cf. III, 227.
405 dect, decked.
406 dug dieting, feeding (from her dugs). farroed, farrowed.
408 manging, eating.
burdseat, board-seat. Cf. III, 262. 411/2 which is considered as a part of Italy. 413 mounted, built. 415 Melibasus should be Melibaeus.
419 Note: purple and purpil in the same line.
420 fyrye cole, fiery coal. least; cf. 1,418.
425 vnweildye, unwieldy, huge.
426 be packing; cf. I, 405.
428 plash breache, the breaking of the waves against the shore; the only instance recorded in the N.E.D.
429 eaten, worn away.
431 drenching, drowning, overflowing.
432 strelcts, straits.
434 galplng, yawning, gaping.
435 gut: fig- a narrow channel.
flash water, flashes, spurts of water.
436 spuing, spewing, vomiting.
438 flirt, throw with a sudden jerk.
rockbane, the deadly rocks. Not recorded in the N.E.D. 440 belye, belly.
441/2 then a tayle Hke a dolphin is added iumbled vp of sauadge fel woulfs, with grisly lol hanging.
St. probably means to say: a dolphin's tail is added mixed with the tails of savage wolves, drooping in a grisly way. The Lat. has: "delphinum caudas utero com-



missa Luporum", blended as to the tails of dolphins with the belly of wolves. 444 crabbye, crabiike, with sidelong gait. This is the earliest instance recorded. 446 yolp yalpe; onomatopoeic. The N.E.D. gives: yoipe = cry of ho«nds; yalp =
yawp, yaup; a hai»h, hoarse cry. Cf. 1580 Fulke, Ketentive, 51: "They like im-
pudent dogges yolpe and barke agaynst us". Cf. Du: galpen.
snarrye, snarling; cf. I, 64, 254. .
rebounding, resounding. 448 resiaunt, resiant, resident, present. _L. 453 meekned, made meek, submissive. Cf. Mrs. Browning; Isobel s Child XXXV
"my meekened face". 461 howsing, honsing, storing.
466 floane, flown. lyms; cf. I, 103.
467 they; i.e. people.
468 spirt, brief period of time.
no good opportunity scaping, let no good opportunity escape. 470 vaunce, advance.
huffing, blowing. 475 caueats, warnings.
478 ful weightelye poysing, of heavy weight.
479 pullisht; cf. I, 597.
480 adding great plenty of silver, etc.
481 with a crested heimet.
485 weapon; collective for weapons.
491 squdding, scudding.
492 how beyt, albeit, although. theese parcels; cf. III, 235. refused, avoided.
495 why do I delay you from this fortunate wind?
496 heanye, sad.
497 bebroyded, embroidered. .
499 weau'd wurcks thwackt with honor, woven garments full of (signs of) honour The N.E.D. explains to thwack, as: to fill to overflowing, to pack and records this, as the earliest instance.
parlye, speech.
500 holye; cf. I, 26. 503 next, after.
508 formoure, former.
509 vpharrow, harrow up. _ . , .
510 You reek not, to trauayle, that back goeth, Italye sercMng. Perhaps: you do not cafe to work, andseek Italy, which is removing away from yöu. Cf. Latin: arya neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro Quaerenda", nor are the fields of Ausonia, always retiring backwards, to be pursued (by you).
512 engyn, device, plan (of going to Italy).
513 to fortify us against the Greek attacks.
514 neere but; perhaps: near about. Lat. vicina, in the neighbourhood.
515 fortune, have the fortune. 518 leage, league.
520 mearing, mere, boundary. The earliest instance recorded of the concrete use in the N.EJD. dates from 1616. Conc. Boyle Diary (1886) I, 132: "I had a mearing between Kynaltalloon and Condons Lands held by Mr. Thomas ffitz John . cantel, corner. Where a corner of Italy approaches the common boundary.



522 wee be put hard ioygning to the boosom of countrye requyred, it is a difficult task for us to reach the bosom of the desired country.
523 ourselfs wee cherisht, we took care of ourselves. atached; cf. I, 759.
524 ouerhyed, overhied, overtaken.
525 huffeth; cf. 111,470.
528 twlse told thee plowstar, Ursa major and minor. Arcture, Arcturus.
529 flachet; cf. 1,92.
533 reshined, shone again.
534 dymmed, dim, vague.
538 brym charged, charged to the brim.
541 tempest mollifye roughning, soften the rough tempest.
543 typ; cf. F, 117.
545 in bowewise, like a bow.
546 spumye, throwing up foam.
547 peers; cf. I, 208.
548 auoydeth, retires. Note the preposition.
550 shredding, cutting.
551 garboyls; cf. I, 5, garbroyls.
warsteeds; the earliest instance recorded is dated 1776, Mickle's translation pf Camoen's Luciad, X, 453: "Here the proud warsteed glories in his force".
552 self, same.
553 matchlyke, in pairs. This is the only instance recorded.
557 holding, following.
558 setled, accustomed.
561 refusing, avoiding.
562 bruite; cf. II, 21.
564 wreckmake, the maker of wrecks.
565 fird should be fyerd. See Patés' corrections.
566 seabelch, belening of the sea. grounting, grunting.
rapfulye, with resounding blows, violently. This is the only instance recorded. frapping, beating.
567 hard, heard.
ramping, violent. Note the sounds in lines 566/7; also the r alliteration.
570 ragd, ragged.
rustye, sullen, abominable. fore vttred, predicted.
571 -stick to the tacklings; cf. I 215.
572 heast, order.
573 thee steerd ship; unusual order of words. Cf. III, 21. wrigs, changes the course of.
574 wrye, turn aside. 579 refused; cf. III, 492.
581 roads fenced from the rough blustering wind.
582 ioynctlye, adjoining, in contact.; cf. III, 520. rufflerye, uproar.
rumboled, rumbled, emitted a rumbling sound.
583 balcketh, belches, eructates. The E.D.D. records the forms bulk in An. Som. Dev. Cor., and balk, boke in N., N.E. and E .Yks.; cf. Nicholsen, Fik. Sp. (1889): "Ah ommast balkt mi heart up".
bulck, body.



584 scorching like burning pitch or heating like sulphurous flashing flames.
585 flownce, with a sudden jerk or flop. Cf. 1604, Meeting of the Gallants, 21: "He feil flounce into the saddle", and 1607, Farquhar, Beaux' Stratagen, II, 1. Wks, 1892, II, 260: "He comes flounce into bed."
yrented, rent, torn from.
587 iogleth, juggles,
slag, scoria of a volcano. rowseth, stirs up.
588 route, rout, bellowmg.
589 harbrouth, harbours.
590 dingd, crushed with a blow or smash.
squising; cf. II, 233. ,"-''> „' , ,
Men say that Enceladus dinged with this squeezmg and the massive burden
of Etna, which presses on him, nailed (to this burden) still heateth (i>e. breathes forth flames) from the open chimney.
592 croompeled, crumpled, crushed.
593 flaks, flakes.
594 pouke, puck, goblin. bug, bugbear, bogy.
598 Eöus, Eos, the goddess of dawn.
599 the moistures of the shades of night. repealeth; cf. II, 462.
600 shrimp, skrunken, wizened man. windbeaten; cf. weather-beaten.
601 iags, shreds, rags.
patcherye, patchwork, anything made up of patches or pieces. clowted, covered with clouts or rags.
So here again we find four words of nearly the same meaning, producing a strong effect.
602 rake, lean person; cf. Du: een hark van een kerel.
603 aparrayld, apparelled.
604 shrub weeds thorny; Lat. consertum tegimen sptms, his clothes held together with thorns. Perhaps St. wants to express that owing to the thorns, the dress looked like a shrub.
606 skrag, scraggy person.
607 stutted, stumbled. apaled; cf. I, 620.
610 celical, celestial.
611 whirrye, whirry, whirl (away).
612 algats, always, continually. The form algat, also occurs. cf. 1320. R. Brunne, Medit., 358: "He bad hem algates wake and pray".
613 emnity, enmity. 616 slea; cf. II, 59».
mannish, manful. 619 hard and bitter desteny. 622 too parlye thus entred, began this speech.
624 Achoemenides, ce should be se. .
625 would we in that penurye lasted, I wish we were still in that state of pnvation.
628 laystow, lay-stall, place where rubbish, dung, etc. are deposited.
629 palaice; this is altogether inappropriate for the den of the Cyclops.
630 groaping, palpable.
632 the heunly feloship, the Gods.



636 sow; probably a misprint for tow, sore, or some such word.
638 thee goare blood.... swyms In the thrashold, the gory blood flows over the threshold.
I saw him slaver bloody flesh.
639 cob, big fellow. gobet, piece, portion.
garbaged haulfe quick, disembowelled (while still) half alive.
640 quighted, requited. shot tree; cf. II, 377.
641 doughtye, very great, formidable.
the Ithacan most wiselye bethoght hym, the Ithacan set to work very cleverly.
642 rakhei; cf. I, 146. collops, pieces of flesh. yfrancked; cf. 1,223. bludred, bloodred.
643 chuffe chaff e; nonce word, no particular meaning; chuf = swollen or puf fed out with fat, chubby.
. bourrachoe, borachio, large leather bottle for wine. Sp. borracha. gourd, drinking vessel, bottle. nodil, noddle. wresting, turning.
645 belch; cf. II, 761.
galp, the action of gaping; cf. III, 434.
with dead sleape snortye, snoring in a sound sleep.
646 supernal; cf. II, 156.
647 muffe maffe; the N.E.D. says: "muffe: i" a contemptuous appellation for a German or Swiss, sometimes loosely applied to other foreigners". (The earhest instance recorded is from Marlowe, 1599); 2» one who is awkward or stupid in some athletic sport; of doubtful origin. "Dickens (1837), Pickwick, VII "Such denunciations as: "Now butter fingers, muff. etc". It goes ons "As the word has not been found earlier than the second half of the igth Century (being unrecorded even in Slang Dialect) its identity with the long obsolete muffe (see 1) is unlikely".
The meaning here comes nearest to (1); but there is also the awkwardness of (2). Maffe has not been recorded. loller, one lying in a lazy manner.
648 boarde; cf. I, 132. perced; cf. I, 93. oane, one.
649 gloommish, glummish, gloomy. malieted, fixed as if by hammering.
650 hornebeams, beams of light, issuing like a hom from the head of a deity. The only instance recorded in the N.E.D.
655 sheepflocks; the only instance recorded is dated 1808,, Shirref. Agric. Shetl. Isles, (1814), 56: "A common shepherd in each parish would tend . . .. to increase sheep flocks".
657 in naming usual highted, usually called.
658 orbical, orbicular. 660 with feil savage beasts.
662 dieted; cf. 111,406.
663 swadgde; cf. I, 76. 665 scryed; cf. I, 190.
12



667 skape, cf. III, 160.
668 blud murther, bloody murder. 670 hole; cf. I, 26.
Iowbylyke, like a looby, i.e. an awkward clumsy fellow. cf. lil, 6«7-
672 iffSS^S^^^ cï Palsgtve: "foggy, to(too)ful of waste flesshe. See Skeat and Mayhew.
swad, clown, bumpkin.
673 hls fists and stalcking are propt, his hands and steps are supported
675 Aftercoomfortthere should be a fnll stop. On neck his whistle is hanged s a rendering of the Lat. "fistula pendet de collo" which apparently is not a genuine line, as it has been omitted by Mehler.
677 rinst, rinsed.
678 waltred, weltered, rolled.
groyleth, moves forward. Cf. Fr. grouiUer. See also IV, 179.
679 doo, ought to be does.
681 suitur, suppliant.
682 due, proper.
683 lustilad, lusty-laid, vigorous ly laid? striefe, earnest endeavour.
686 IhMflud^liyTreuockt hym, the high floods revoked him, kept him back.
687 Iowbye; cf. III, 670. belling; cf. II, 786-
689 tyerde fordge, burning forge.
690 ÏÏ^rtA^i.; * Hevwood. Golden Age A, ii (Jupiter): rounceval, a woman of large build and boisterous manners.
ftnT turdens lurdans lazv. stupid fellows.
693 thee bréetherne swish swash of Aetna; swish swash, a violent, swaggering person; cf. swashbuckler, i.e. a swaggering ruffian. . . w 7 t :s ^.oWd
694 moaste should be moate. See Patés' corrections, in which folck moate is expkuned as: a coompanye or an assembly; so: a folkmoot.
695 oakroas, rows of oaks. Not recorded in the N.E.D.
698 swap, cut.
at auenture, at hazard.
iump twixt, exactly bet ween; cf. II, 213. ... c~„iio ,„rf
699 but yet king Helenus had admonished us to sail exactly between Scylla and Charybdis, when there would be no great danger.
701 ons mynded, once minded?
702 So'blhoki; Boreas, blowing from the mouth of Pelorus in the north. charges, our ships.
705 f ore wandred, on which he had wandered before.
707 face too, opposite.
708 old past ancestors called it Ortygia. ■nt tt r> 710 ferreted, burrowed a passage. The only instance recorded in the N_E.D.
714 rockrayes, lines of rocks. The only instance recorded m the N.fc.D.
715 not allowed by Destiny to be moved.
718 vaunceth; cf. III, 47°- tiL «pt»
719 racebrood; race 4- brood; the only instance in the N.fc.D. 721 deepe gulfs syncking, deep sinking gulfs.



728 Celoeno; ce should be ae.
729 thee knot claspt, the end. 731 soly; cf. II, 575.
BOOK IV
1 carks; see II, 792. quandare, quandary.
2 with firebayt smoldred is hooked, is hooked with the bait of smouldering fire
5 hert, heart.
mustring, (as) on parade. >
6 carcking; cf. IV, 1. cratchet, crotchet.
8 shaads, shades. 10 merueyle, marvel.
12 how braue he dooth court yt, how bravely he endeavours to gain favour or attention. Note the formal object "yt".
14 pettegre; cf. I, 386.
15 pitfle, pitiful, to be pitied for its littleness or meanness.
17 foresnaffled, snaffled beforehand. Had I not firmly resolved beforehand. votarye, consecrated by a vow.
20 pipling; the N.E.D. says: ? transf. (literal meaning: to blow with a gentle sound)cf. II, 745.
bedgle; the word explains itself; cf. Du. beddepret.
21 oane; cf. III, 648.
this one faulty trespas; viz. her marriage with Aeneas. 23 Sichceus; ce should be ae.
25 od; cf. II, 283.
26 I perceive the scorched traces of an old passion.
28 dyng, knock, dash or violently drive (a thing) in some direction.
lymbo; cf. III, 399. 30 shamefasf, bashful, modest.
32 hardlye, carefully.
33 replennisht, shed (tears) plentifully on. 35 ioylitye, jollity, joy.
37 charuel; misprint for charnel.
Weene ye that a scalp of a charnel In heedeth oure lyking, Do you tiunk that the bones of a dead man pay attention to our love. In is a puzzling word. Perhaps St. means: Charnel Inn. This may seem a bold suggestion for a Charnel House, but it is not at all unlikely in St. who calls the Cyclops'den "a palace".
39 ne, nor.
40 rest, are.
41 lustte, jostle.
pleasd looue, love satisfied with its object.
42 wyl ye be f orgetting. The progr. form expresses emphasis here, besides repetition.
44 vnhowsed; unoccupied by houses. Lat. inhospita Syrtis.
45 soale; cf. II, 575. 49 pelted, beat.
52 renowmed; cf. I, 81. 54 frollick; cf. I, 745.



hls stay let torgerye Hnger, let his stay be prolonged by deceit.
55 raynmake Orion, O. the cause of rain. The N.E.D. does not record any_example of the objective use of rain, as in rainbearer, rammaker, earher than 1632. raindropping watles.
56 swaged; cf. I, 76.
60 by woont accustomed, awïording to custom. hoerel, hoggerel, sheep in its second year.
61 makelaw, Sne tnat makes laws. Lat. legiferae. The only instance m the N.E.D. Lyoeus; ce should be es.
63 bol; cf. I, 732. 66 catal, cattle.
68 Dddaffli in depSiative sense, a loathsome old woman, a hag; «^ed adj. Jhe earliest instance recorded dates from 1586, Sidney, Arcadia (1613) 10: a beldame .... accused for a witch". sooth says, predictions, prognostications.
Hffvery much like a doe, on which, by some curious chance, (although unsee»l by
73 thrshepherd) his sharp headed dart, which he hurls through the forest, exactly alights.
74 iump; cf. II, 213.
'S^S^^^^n. The earhest instance recorded dates from 1583. The original meaning was: homicide by misadventure.
75 to the frithward, to the copse.
76 staf, shaft.
77 trayneth, draws along.
<?8 nere eended, nearly finished. , .
70 Se tale, ? the takaccompanying her gestures. The instances recorded are of a 79 Serent meaning: cf. i553. T Wilson Rhet. 48 ;'Tel me no by-tadese^h as^eto no purpose", where it means "irrelevant tale". In my opmion bye- is more üke KuTdement in byjlay, where it means: collateral with the mam matter or action.
hauking; cf. Ded. 1. 104. 1 • „
her bye tale owt hauking, telling it with a good deal of hawking. amyd oft her parlye, often in the middle of her speech, chocketh, chokes.
81 ffesh agayne, once more.
82 listenes; cf. III, 254.
83 housed, obscured.
84 ayming, indicating.
85 left, deserted.
87 ïryotTperson of either sex, especially one of small or slender build. The earliest instance in the N.E.D.; cf. Mo. E.: a slip of a boy.
for saincts thee shrtaecase adortag, adoring the shnnecase instead of the samt, i.e. Ascanius instead of Aeneas.
88 cols; cf. I, 692. busse; cf. I, 264. lentfye, soothe.
90 swincker; cf. I, 3.
93 when Juno saw the plague, the worry of the patiënt.



94. «nd noe reporte wandring thee looue furye kendled abated; the Lat. has: „nee fa mam obstare furori", nor that her fame made resistance to her frenzy. St. translates fantam by "reporte wandring", and for obstare he puts "abate". So he wants to say: when her passion was not lessened by her reputation, i.e. even the fear of losing her reputation could not make her overcome her passion.
96 a praise of high reckning, great praise.
eke a catche to be greatlye renowmed, a catch which will become quite famous.
97 pricket, buck in its second year, having straight unbranched horns; by transf. a boy. Perhaps St. used pricket, thinking of Cupid's arrow.
98 packing, corrupt dealing, plotting. coosen, cozen, cheat.
101 when shal, Hoa, bee shouted; a very curious expression for a goddess. Juno's speech is sarcastic and bitter, without much dignity; more fit for a common woman than for a goddess. Yet her anger is strongly expressed. Note the short cutting sentences. drift; cf. 1,25.
103 hested, granted.
104 hertlyking, love.
106 vayle, vail, lower in token of submission. 108 feined, feigned.
for wisely she (Venus) observed the treachery working (though Juno dissembled
well) to get the great Italian empire for the Tyrians. iïo niddipol harebrayne, harebrained fooi. The usual form is noddipol, i.e. fooi. in iarring, disagreeing, quarrelling. 113 stamering, hesitating.
116 pillotoy, pillow-toy. The word explains itself. Cf. IV, 20, bedgle.
117 on before, lead the way.
126 hooueld, sheltered as in a hovel or shed.
127 iumble, meet confusedly.
128 his; probably a misprint for this.
130 this shal bee the bryde hymne. The Lat. has: Hic hymenaeus erit, this will be the marriage.
drift; cf. I, 25.
131 groape, grope, handle.
133 youths fresh as May.
134 huntspears; the earhest instance recorded is dated 1594, Marlowe-Nashe, Dido Til, 263/4: "Ascanius bearing his huntspear brauely in his hand".
yrond, ironed, provided with iron.
135 quicksenting; the only instance recorded is dated 1742, Fielding, J. Andrews, III, VI: "The quickscenting dogs attacked him".
137 pincking; from to pink, adorn; so here: fineries. trfnckerye; imitative of the following trinckets.
138 genet, jennet, small Spanish horse.
139 gould stood furniture, trappings studded with gold.
140 on al startling, at anything startling. gingled, jingling.
143 broyded; cf. 11,412.
144 tache, fastening, buckle; cf. tach = to attach, fasten.
145 wanton, playfui.
150 he poinctes a dawnsing, he (Phoebus) gives the signa! for a dance.
hoblobs; a hob = a rustic; a lob — a dull person. 152 fetch, make; cf. to fetch a leap.
gambalds; cf. III, 288.



153 hearelocks; cf. I, 327.
154 There should be a full stop after becrampound.
becrampound, set (of a jewel). The only instance in the N.E.D. So: his head surrounded by a wreath and a band of gold.
157 vncoth; cf. I, 313. The Lat. has: invia, pathless.
158 breaking, scattering.
159 heard deare, herd of deer. vnharbourd, inhospitable.
t6o is ensued. ensues. , . .
with passadge dustye bepowdred. The Lat. has: "atque agmina ceryi P"lverulenta ruga glomerant". and the deer press together to a dusty herd in their ^ Passadge probably stands for fuga. St. apparently wants to say: with a flight bepowdered with dust.
162 now theym now theese, now these, now those.
ouerambling; cf. I, 324.
163 Z&?£f?wild swine. Halliwell says: "That men calleth a trip of a tame swyn is called of wyld swyn a soundre". See Skeat and Mayhew. hogsteer, hoggaster, boar in its third year.
164 brownye, brown.
165 rumbelo; cf. I, 207. skye seat, sky.
166 hayle knob, hailstone.
168 sundrye set houses, houses scattered here and there.
169 freaming; cf. II, 235. trowlling, trolling, moving round.
ï77° E?S.tïï'S'É the banes, requires the bans (to be read)+ Cf. Juno; the chaplavne The Lat. has: "Prima et tellus et pronuba luno dant signum , first botblhe earthand Juno, presiding over the marriage, give the sign. This isa xypfcalffaSc. howJSt. eiLges upon his subject in his_cunous way St. retas to "watrye luno", in his Ded. 1. 106, where, however, I fad to see the point,
172 seams up, contracts.
173 squeak, utter a high shrill cry. yearning is an addition of St.'s.
175 bane of her killing, cause of her death.
176 Z ÜSftï PrSye with hudwinck, to hide her love with deceit.
178 intamye, public disgrace.
179 groyl; N.E.D.? one who is always on the move. Cf. III, 678.
Ï8x SS moSer^gon. The N.E.D. records only one example vi. Morte d'Arthur 767: "^His scoulders ware schalyde alle in clene sylvere schreede ouer alle the schrympe with schrinkande poyntez".
lil SUS niisxrÏÏs Thïearliest instance recorded in the N.E.D. is dated 1617. 14 fSl^pEly. (I628) 54: "Theres a Leuite of the lesuits. or a prettie
leuorite, to sucke a kings heart blood m tune . 185 swad; cf. III, 672. 187 fog; cf. III, 672.
a pack paunch, a pot-bellied person. 187 plumye, downy.



what feathers, so many feathers. 188 St. wants to make the monster as horrid as possible. Note the "squint".
eyeballs; the earliest instance recorded is dated 1592, Shakespeare, Ven. & Ad. 119: "Hold up thy head, look in mine eyeballs".
190 flickereth; cf. II, 674.
191 her sight from slutnber amoouing, never shutting her eyes to sleep.
192 bagage, baggage, worthless woman. The earhest instance recorded in the N.E.D. is dated 1596, Shakespeare, Tam. Shrew. Induction, I, 3: "Y'are a baggage. The Slies are no rogues".
housroofs. The only instance recorded is dated 1860, Tyndall, Glac. I. XVIII, 126: "An edge like the ridge of a houseroof".
194 fittons, fittens, hes.
195 raynebeaten, weathered, old. Cf. Skelton, Col. Cloute 55: "Though my rbyme be ragged, Rudely rayne-beaten".
harlotrye, harlot; used as a term of reproach.
This rain-beaten harlot füled the people with her chattering.
201 retchless, reckless. rutfing, lustful. bitcherye, harlotry, lewdness.
Of course we should bear in mind that St. wrote for ioth century people, who were not very fastidious in their choice of words. sauted, assaulted.
202 prat'pye, chattering magpie. The only instance recorded. cadesse, caddess, jackdaw.
303 kingly rector, king.
204 brute; cf. II, 21.
liuddle, pile or heap up confusedly. The earhest instance recorded is dated 1599; Shakespeare, Much Ado, II, ii, 252: "hudling iest upon iest". Nearly alt instances recorded date from about this time.
205 bye rapesnacht, carried off. 207 lyke, the same.
210 brackye; fig. distasteful.
tabils vernisht, varnished tables; Lat. toris pictis, on embroidered couches. cuprit's, cup-rites, magnifye, praise, extol.
215 filthood, lewdness.
216 claps thundring, thunderclaps. glimrye, glistening.
Hsted, bordered, with an edging.
217 bounce, heavy blow.
218 a coy tyb. the N.E.D. says: "Coy == lascivious, lustful, wanton (Perror), 1570. Levins Manip, 214/14: to be coy-lasciure, coire; iUd. coy-lasciuus, salax". No instances are recorded. Here is a clear example.
tyb, loose woman.
219 plat; cf. 1,373. coosinage; cf. II, 76.
hooked, stole: The N.E.D. says: to hook = to snatch with a hook, to seize by stealth, to steal, to pilfer. The earliest instance recorded is dated 1615: Tomkis, Albumazzar, UI, m, in Hazl. Dodsley IV, 359: "Picking of locks and hooking of clothes at windows". 222 smocktoy, suggesting loose conduct or immorality in, or in relation to women. wayted, attended.



223 Greekish coronet; Lat. Maeonia mitra, the Phrygian cap. (see Mehler II, p. 64). hearelocks; cf. 1,327.
224 flest, fist, small dog; often applied in contempt for a man.
225 and we beat the bushes (and get nothing) whereas Aeneas catches the bird.
226 praysed vanltye, ?a few words of vain praise. The Lat. has: "famamque fovemus inanem, and we cherish an empty fame.
227 playntiefe, plaintiff, complainer.
228 whirled, turned.
231 busk, go hastily, hie; cf. III, 359235 huddger: cf. I, 274.
237 upon that hope, which she expected to be fulfilled in the future 
238 hautye, lofty.
241 globe of al regions, all the world.
242 hasthym, baste him.
244 loytred; v. tr. delayed.
245 what doth he forge, what plan does he make.
246 stock; cf. III, 88. slilye, lightly.
249 first ot al his woorcking, the first thing he does. 2<o ruffling, disturbance, agitation.
252 Bocardo, a prison; originally the old north gate m Oxford, used as a prison. helly Bocardo, the prison of Heil.
253 touzd tost; cf. 1,137.
254 For this line see Ded. 1. 80 ff.
vphasp, close. Mehler, II, 65 translates: lumma morte resignat, by: unseais, i.e. reopens the eyes in death.
255 sheareth, cleaves.
256 fllcker, flap the wings.
sideryb, side-ridge. The only instance recorded.
257 supernal Olympus, the heavens.
2s8 pallet, head; here, the top. cf. I, 136- . - ... x
hooueld, covered. The N.E.D. says: to hovel = to provide with a roof or coverrng. The earhest instance recorded is 1688, R. Holme, Armoury III, IX, 4«>/2"Round Towers, hoveled or roofed". Cf. I, 127; IV, 126. 624. In tbe last case the meaning is exactly the same: "The see with great fleet is hooueld .
259 windpuf, puff of wind.
260 the snoa whlt, the white snow.
frostd'hoÏè7Se'earhest instance recorded is dated 1853, Charlotte Bronte, ViHette TV: "frost hoar fields".
264 hllrocks; ?hüly rocks.
265 meaiielye, midway .See also line 266.
266 mean passadge, midway.
267 shauing, skimming along, touching lightly. 270 thriftelye, properly, soundly, well.
272 iaspar, jasper.
273,^76 bVauïïendid, showy. cf. I593, H. Smith, Wks. (1866-7) L x5o: "The
lilies which are braver than Solomon". 274 yt heaping, coovering it.
276 sotted, besotted.
277 slilye; cf. TV, 246.



278 God; St. forgets that there were many Gods. 281 what doe ye forge; cf. IV, 245.
mitche, he hid, skulk. 284 cast care, pay attention.
rising, growing up.
Note the different preposition: on Ascanius rising, of the heyrs of Iülus. 286 round, complete-, finished.
288 too thinnes he vannished ayrye, he vanished into thin air; cf. I, 593.
289 geason; cf. I, 161.
290 bush; cf. I, 596. starck, rigidly, stiffly. staring; cf. II, 791. cleene, entirely.
292 monishing, admonishing.
293 myred, "mired", wondered. The only instance in the N.E.D.
294 reteyned, entertained.
296 he tosses his racked wit'from post to piilar.
297 alying, lying or leaning towards, inclining.
298 mooting, discussion; here: weighing the matter.' 301 changabil hastning, the change from rest into haste.
305 close, secretly.
306 forward, ardent.
307 howbeyt, however it may be, be that is it may, however. cf. 1470—85 Malory, Morte d'Arthur X, 1: "How be hit I wyl not fayle you", and 1887, Ruskin, Praeterita, 11, 1, 8: "Howbeit, afterwards, the coins of Cnossus .... became intelligible to me".
308/9 in thoght what first she reuolued that toe doe they mynded. This sentence is a muddie. Probably St. wants to say: "From the first she had revolved in her mind, that they intended to do this (viz. fly).
310 blab, tell-tale.
312 counsayle, intent, purpose, cf. Ps. XXXIII, Is: "The counsel of the Lord standeth forever".
314 quaftyde, time of drinking. The only instance in the N.E.D.
316 not prouoked, unasked for.
317 coystrel, coistrel, mean, paltry fellow. Cf. Snak. Twelfth Night, I, III, 43: "He 'sa coward and a coystril that will not drink to my niece, etc".
shaddow, hide.
318 thy packing practise, thy action of leaving.
319 nor even faith first pledged in handclaps.
329 or ennye, or if any.
330 a furded, afforded.
331 empayring, deteriorating. The earhest instance of to impair in this meaning is dated i6ri, Speed, Hist. Gr. Brit. IX. viii (1632) 563: "He repaired with large diet his impayred lims and sinewes". See also note to TV, 470.
332 nouke; viz. in your heart.
334 for thy sake .... hateful, hated for thy sake.
337 and (for thy sake I) battered my old honours, which lifted me ....
338 deaths fit of hostace, a hostess fit to die.
339 that terme, viz. guest. 343 cockney; cf. I, 670.
dandiprat; cf. I, 722.
hopthumb, Hop o'my thumb, a very little person.



Three words again for the same thing.
344 want one d, played.
345 (a pretty lad) whose face resembled yours. 348 graueling, burying (orig. in gravel).
352 mynd, think.
354 threpped, threaped, chided, rebuked.
355 thralled, enthralled, enslaved.
356 I did not pay heed to such chapman hood.
357 If fatal fortune allo wed me to follow my own mind.
358 iump; cf. II, 213.
364 warneth, advises (to go).
365 lyking, inclination.
366 vp hoovering, soaring up.
367 and if your fancy settles you, a Moor, in a Moorish city. 369 Torreyn; cf. III, 4.
372 buggish, like a bugbear. feareth, terrifies, frightens.
374 Unger, defer; cf. loyter, TV, 244.
375 truch sprlt; nonce word, spirit acting as a trucnman; cf. Hl, 373.
379 towted, tooted, shouted.
380 drlrye, dreary. "'" ' „
383 A most extraordinary construction, meaning: She doth skew (cf. II. 757) «»«r eyes here and there.
in inchmeal, inch by inch.
384 limming, probably limbing, tearing limb from limb. Here fig.: devourmg him with her eyes, inch by inch.
386 faytoure, cheat, impostor.
haggish; cf. 1,304. ...
387 vdderd, suckled. The only instance recorded. The usual meaning is: provided with udders.
390 ons, once.
loouemate, person to whom one is mated in love, lover.
393 runnagat, renegade, runaway; used adj. , ,
hedgebrat, one who sleeps under a hedge. Combinations with hedge. are frequent. Cf 1530, Tyl of Breyntfords* Test. 331: "a hedge curat with as moche wit as a caif" Alsof hedge-chaplain, doctor, -lawyer, -parson. It expresses meanness, inferiority. . , ,
394 tarbreeche, sailor; cf. Du. pikbroek. The only instance recorded.
auvstrone, custron, vagabond. _ , .
betrasshed;probably:trashed, wearied, harassed; cf. E.D.D.sSc. Imsleepy, an tyert, an worn out, an trash't"; N.C.y, Nhb.: "Ye'11 trash the hfe oot on t .
395 gracing, favouring.
f97 ^SSStv^S, .... wel coucht. Probably: mark thee speak mark how you speak, in well couched terms. Speake may be a subst., cf. Ded. 1. 177sothtei, soothsayer. The only instance recorded.
398 Lycian fortuns, the Lycian oracles.
400 this voyage of yours cumbers the Celestial Samts with care
401 baldare; din, uproarious noise. The only instance recorded. Cf. dial. balder, to use coarse language (Du. balderen, to roar, thunder).
402 baw vaw; nonce word; vainly or contemptuously noisyjcf. Levms, Mamp. 45"Bawwawe, spoken of one that talketh to no purpose .
tromperye, trumpery, décett. descant, make remarks on.



403 fish; cf. II, 660.
405 gagd, jagged; cf. to gag, to project, reciting, calling upon.
406 hop. The N.E.D. says: fonnerly a general synonym of leap; cf. 1440, York Myst. XXXI, 164: "O my heart hoppis for joie".
408 foloa, follow.
409 hyré; cf. III, 301.
This speech is one of the best examples to show where St's strength lies. As I already pointed out before, he is at his best when expressing fury, anger. Note the three short, terse sentences in line 403.
410 throtled; here: broke off.
411 tortours, tortures.
queazye, uncomfortable (as of sickness, nausea). The N.E.D. says: queazy, of persons; having a queazy stomach, liable to be sick. Cf. Shak. Ant. and Cleop. III. VI. 20: "(The Romans) queazie with his insolence already, will their good thoughts call from him".
412 hamring, forming, preparing.
413 sowning; cf. III, 319.
beers, pillows; cf. pillow-beer, pillow-case. 417 scalding groans; can groans be called scalding?
420 calcked, caulked. roasen, rosin.
421 oars boughed, oars, i.e. branches with their leaves. Cf. Lat. "frondentesque ferunt remos", they bring oars with their leaves.
423 hopping; cf. IV, 406.
424 pismess, pismire, ant; called so from the urinous smell of an anthill. hurding; cf. II, 779.
granar, granary.
426 black garde; the N.E.D. records as the first meaning: a body of persons, the lowest menials of a royal or noble household, who had charge of pots and pans and other kitchen utensils, and rode in the wagons conveying these during the journeys from one residence to another; the scullion and kitchen knaves; cf. 1535, Sir W. Fitzwilliams, 17 Aug. in Cal. State Pap.: "Two of the ringleaders had been sometime of the Black Guard of the Kings kitchen". An interesting passage occurs in Southey's Omniana, p. 192/3: .... I believe the etymologie of this (i.e. blackguard) is accidentally given by that strangest of all strange writers", Stanyhurst, in his explanation of an analogeous among his countrymen. "Kerne", he says, "signifieth (as noble men of deep judgement informed me) a shower of heil, because they are taken for no better than rakehells, or the devil's black guard, by reason of the stinking stir they keep, wheresoever they be". granger, farm steward; so: one of the ants acting as an overseer. iads; probably jades, for ants, acting as beast of burden. Cf. spur in the next line. restye, sluggish.
429 luskish; cf. II, 382. swinck, labour. Cf. I, 3.
430 skearye, scary, alarming.
431 hert sigh, sigh from the heart.
432 hized, hissed.
433 bancksydes; cf. III, 227.
434 hoyssale, the hoisting of the sails. 437 SUit, request.
440 in flockmeale, in a flock.



441 meerelye, merrüy.
445 breakeuow, breaker of vows. Cf. Shak. John II, n, 569: ' That Broker, tha. still
breakes the pate of faith, That dayly Breakevow". 447 daps, habits, ways, peculiarities. 450 enny, any.
452 boombas, stop with bombace, i.e. cotton paddmg. hyring; cf. III, 301.
453 leefe pheere, beloved wife.
454 hufgale, strong wind.
455 fowly, foully. . .
but a spirt to myne phrensye relenting, only a brief penod of time for my abating
frenzy.
458 drowping, drooping.
459 in pardon tor last, as a last pardon.
461 tears, expressions of grief.
462 tearedrop; the earliest instance recorded is dated 1830, Tennyson, Talking Oak, xli- "a teardrop trembled from its source".
464 pugnant, poignant, severe. Perhaps the spelling shows the influence of pugnacious.
465 dottrel, doddered tree, deprived of its branches through age and decay.
460 retossed, tossed again and again.
467 scold, roar as if in anger.
crush crash, reduplicated form, imitative of the sound, owtborne,? carried forth.
468 trap; cf. 111,566- _ .. , whurring, whirring, moving swiftly with a contmuous vibratory sound, blastbob, short jerking motion from the blast.
469 skytyp, top of the sky.
470 crampornd. The N.E.D. says: crampern. fasten with crampirons or cramps; figto cramp, confine; here: fastened; cf. 1577 Stanyhurst's Doscription of Ireland, Hol Chronicle IV. 3: "The scope of the Irish pale is greatly impaired and is crampernd and coucht into an od corner of the countrie".
dlbled: from? to dibble, make holes (for planting seeds), to plant (with a dibble). The whole line must be something like: so far is it fastened at the gates of heil with roots that have dug deep into the earth.
472 cloyed; cf. II, 122; here: overwhelmed. thrilling, trembling.
473 gutter, flow in streams.
474 gauld, galled.
crau's mortal passadge, prays for death.
475 repyneth, gets dissatisfied with, weary of: Lat. taedet. is weary of.
476 this light, i.e. the light of life. 478 swartlye, so as to become swart.
483 lily white fleeces.
484 to her tul seeming, as she fully believed.
486 bemuffled, muffled into. . .
487 skrich howle, screech owl, barn owl. The earliest instance recorded is dated 1593. Shak. 2 Henry VI, I. IV. 21: "The time when Screech owles cry and bandogs
fetch-lief e, f etch-life, one who takes away life. Cf. fetch-candle. The only instance recorded.
488 ruck; lit. to emit wind, belch; here: to utter. cruncketh, cries (like a crane).



49° in foretyme coyned, fabricated in former times.
493 post aloan, entirely alone. The N.E.D. explains: alone like a post.
497 soons, suns.
498 in skaffold theaters, on the stage.
499 dame, cf. III, 76.
500 sc aal de, scaled.
503 means, mean; cf. IV, 438.
506 a by knack, a device, a trick.
507 gadiing, vagabond, idle fellow.
508 retrayted; the N.E.D. mentions: to withdraw, take away, remove, which would be correct here. The earhest instance recorded is dated 1593. Nashe, Christ's T. 346: "No relenting thought of mine, shall retraite you".
511 bolsters thee starred Olympus, supports the starry sky.
512 mayd priest; not recorded in the N.E.D.
513 seixten, sexton, quardian. Sinagog, temple.
514 cram, feed.
consecrat heeded, heeded as consecrated.
515 hoonnye, honey.
breede sleepe, sleepbreeding, sleep-bringing. strawing, strewing.
525 reked, raked. The N.E.D. says: to rake = to collect, gather with or as with a rake. Here the meaning is more like Goth. rikan, to heap up. It may also be connected with to riek to from into a riek, to stack. In my opinion this is the most plausible solution. There is no earlier instance of the verb to riek than 1623. But the noun was frequently spelled reke, or reek, even up to modern times. Cf. 1895, Rosemary, Chilterns iV, 133: "My 'ay 's all in reeks and thatched".
527 the peasaunt, i.e. Aeneas. enslgns; cf. II, 399. misfortuned, unfortunate. Coonlures, conjuress, sorceress.
533 burials, burial ceremonies.
casteth, considers, meditates. Cf. to cast love, favour, a fancy unto.
536 encheason; the N.E.D. only records: occasion, cause, reason, motive. The Lat. has: "Ergo iussa parat", therefore she prepares her commands. Perhaps it might be explained thus: therefore she provides for the occasion.
538 hol me, holm oak, holly.
cresset, iron vessel for holding oil or other illuminant. Lat. taedis — with torches.
543 she priest, priestess. The earliest instance recorded is dated 1591, Percivall, Sp. Dict.: Sacerdottissa — a shee priest." , vntressed in heareclocks, with hair hanging loose.
545 hochpoch, imitative of chaos, medley, jumble; hotch potch.
546 tripil, triple.
three f aced. The earhest instance recorded of a transferred meaning is dated 1689, Lond. Gaz. No. 2510/4: "a three faced steel seal".
547 vntruely, feigned.
548 spirted, sprouted, germinated. The earhest instance recorded is dated 1584/5, Miss Jackson, Shropshire workbk. (1879) 403: "Theire corne was layd flat to the grownde, and so by meanes spirted". Cf. also Shak. Henry V, III. V. 8: "Shall a few sprayes of vs, our syens put on wilde and sauage stock, spirt vp so suddenly into the clouds".
549 loped, lopped, cut. sieth, scythe.



55° cole, coal.
551 knap knob. Both words have about the same meaning.Knap occursindialectsas: bump, protruberance. Cf. Gordon Chron. Keith (1880) 69 Trf.: "On his brow spring up apace Twa Knaps, the emblem of disgrace". See E.D.D. Mehler has a note on the subject. He says: "according to Aristotle, de animalibus historia VI, 22 (p. 577a) "amor" = a flat round black protruberance on the head of a new-born colt, which is at once devoured by the mother; if prevented in this, and the protruberance being torn off, the mother is made frantic by the smell".
554 naked in her oane foot, with one foot bare. aparrayld; cf. III, 603.
555/6 destenye wytting thee stars, the stars that knew her destiny.
556 hartlye, sincerely.
557 regadeth; misprint for regardeth.
558 slip, error in conduct, especially an instance of moral fault or transgression. The earliest instance recorded is dated 1601, Dent, Pathway to Heaven, 94: "Peters fall. Abrahams slips, Solomons weaknesse, etc."
557/8 She prays the Gods not to regard the sins of people who break their vows faithlessly and who do not return love, as something that is right.
559 note: dead of mid-night. ,
560 fore labored; for-, prefixed to intransitive verbs forming compounds chieflyintransitive with sense: to weary or exhaust (oneself) by doing what the vb. denotes;
cf. 1483 Caxton, Gold. Leg. 395. b/2: "A greate tempeste in which they
were .... sore forelaboured".
atached; cf. I, 759. 563 catal; cf. IV, 66. 569 routs, a great many; cf. I, 608.
572 bayted, harassed.
tugging skirmish, fluctnating struggle; cf. tug-of-war.
573 milckmadge, milkmaid.
575 coylye, disdainfully.
576 trudging; cf. I, 7.
577 prentise, apprentice.
heeding their will like a galley-slave.
578 ff. and there is some reason that I should go to those who, shielded by me, have so kindly requited the benefits defrayed formerly by me.
581 me in my scorned position:
582 and yet have you to learn ....
591 avoiding the sinful lusts of the body.
592 vnreasoned, without reason.
593 Slchoeus; oe should be ffi. 600 forseene, seen before.
604 heyre; cf. 111,301.
the west wind blowing favourably.
605 Shee, i.e. Dido.
606 resolut, resolved.
607 while you have leisure to haste.
611 hut pufte; nonce word; the only instance recorded.
windfane; not recorded in the N.E.D. 613 agrysed; cf. II, 127.
615 stick yee, get hold of.
616 postings, speed, haste. 618 behestings, behests.



6ig th'wart; cf. II, 162.
620 pliaunt, yielding, compliant.
621 edgd; see 11,345.
622 brandisht; probably brandishing. swappeth; cf. III, 697.
623 poste haste; The earhest instance recorded is dated 1593, Shak. Richard II, I, IV. 55: "Old John of Gaunt.... hath sent post haste to entreat his Maiesty to visit him."
scarboro; cf. III, 345.
scrabbling, scrambling. The N.E.D. refersto Du. schrabbelen, freq. of schrabben = to scratch with the legs along the ground. Cf. Verwys en Verdam, Midd. Ned. W. Bk.
624 hooueld, cf. IV, 258. 627 saffrond; cf. I, 655. .
631 f oure seasons, four times.
632 heare; cf. II, 286. ogh, och, oh.
633 geve me the slampam, give me the slampant, the slip. origin unknown.
634 frumping; cf. Ded. L 200.
635 hu crye, hue and cry.
637 Compare this line with, IV, 403.
638 What chat I foole, what a fooi I am to chat like this. witchelefh, bewitches.
639 wrawd, angry, wroth, perverse. The N.E.D. gives only three instances, dated 1400—1500; 1460; and this one.
grubs. The N.E.D. gives: to uproot, pluck out hair by the roots. This is not very plausible here. Perhaps: grabs ?
640 this spite should be plyed — this vexation should have been applied?
643 bedred; cf. II, 746.
graueporer, one who is poring over or looking towards his grave.No other instances recorded.
644 inchemeale; cf. IV, 383.
645 coystrel; cf. IV, 317. drenche; cf. III, 431.
648 maunged; cf. III, 408. 650 prest; cf. II, 817.
652 extirping, extirpating. walioed, wallowed.
653 hye, high.
654 drirye; cf. IV, 380.
searchresse, female searcher, investigator. 656 bug; cf. III, 268. 658 eare this, hear this.
for Sin's due torture amoouing, set in motion due torture for (his)sins. 661 faets, fates.
hardly, assuredly. 063 spoyled, despoiled. 664 haaide, hauled.
667 streict, straight, regular.
ynlawful agreement; Lat. pacis iniquae, unfair, unfavourable peace. St. means it to be a contrast to straight conditions of peace, so disagreement, disoord.
668 whist, desired. cullion, base fellow.



670 nauel; cf. 11,384.
vntumbed, unburied. 675 od; cf. II, 283.
rustye; Why this adj. ? The Lat. has: ex ossibus, from (our) bones.
680 her vexte mynd she tost and tumbled in eeche syde, she turned her thoughts in every direction.
681 trom thee light vnsauerye to flit, with gredines asking, asking eagerly, to be allowed to flee from the light of life which has no longer any relish for her.
682 Sichceus; oe should be ae.
683 mylckdame, nurse. The only instance in the N.E.D. was breathles abyding, was dead. Cf. III, 352.
685 hoaie; cf. I, 26.
686 forenoted, prescribed. ,
687 let thye pate godlye be coouerd, cover thy head so that it is fit for the Gods.
688 rits; cf. I, 60.
God infernal, Stygian Jupiter; Lat. lovi Stygio.
690 pedlerye, pedlary, trash.
trush trash; reduplicated form of trash, rubbish, worthless thmgs. Cf. 1542—5, Brinklow Lament. 14b: "All the trishtrashe that Antichrist hath solde us".
691 snayllng, moving lazily.
loothshaken, having the teeth loosened as by age; cf. Chaloner, Erasm. on froliy. '.'Fij wrincled, tothe-shaken so desyrous yet of life".
692 stift, stiffened. The N.E.D. refers to, Hexham n: Stijven, als doecken stijven = to stiffe or to starch linnen.
693 wheeling, rolling, lyers; cf. I, 471.
694 waning, wanning, getting pale.
696 banefyers, fire of death. Not recorded in the N.E.D.
698 sportebreder, the breeder of sports. sport, amorous dalliance or intercourse.
699 stiddye.steady.
700 awarding, delivering.
701 leauings, relics.
704 the trauayl I traced, I went the road I had to travel.
70 s hobble, move unsteadily up and down in riding, floating to rise and fall on the surge as a boat. cf. 1375 Barbour, Bruce IV, 447: "Thai.... held thame thair so lang hobland, that of thre batis drownyt twa".
708 yee, yea.
711 kindlye; cf. 1,182.
715 offer, attempt.
718 vtter, make known, publish.
719 skrich; cf. II, 312.
720 perst; cf. I, 93722 riffling; cf. II, 682.
724 theese newes, this news.
hyring; cf. II, 301. 726 rout, throng. 728 drift; cf. I, 25.
begyld, beguiled. 730 outwayle, one who is cast out.
732 bloodshot, an effusion of blood (in any other part than the eye), bloodshed. cf. 1611 Cotgr.: "Engeleure = a chiü-blane; or the bloudshot which cold settles and congeales upon the fingers.



edg toole, edged tooi, sword. passage fatal, journey of life. «np 734 waste, was it.
736 quight; cf. III, 3.
forlorne, lost. isMI**! souple, supple, heal, soothe.
737 batterd; perhars: I, battered?
740 woodpile. The. earliest instance recorded is dated 1696, Aubrey Muse VI, 68 "The Cook maid going to the Woodpile to fetch wood to dress supper".
741 bracing, embracing. haulf quick; cf. III, 630.
742 grunt, groan.
gellye blud, blood like jelly, neither liquid, nor hard.
743 napkin, cloth, handkerchief.
744 weixing, waxing, growing.
the deadly push (of the sword) is painful.
746 whirlygig eyesight, rolling eyes; a very curious adj.
747 belling; cf. II, 786.
skrich crye, screech cry. Not recorded.
749 pangs, agony.
750 passadge, passing away, death. propped Olympus; cf. IV, 257.
751 auoyding, removing?
752 buckling; cf. I, 500. iustling; cf. IV, 41.
753 where as, since. parture, departure.
756 ding, cf. IV, 28.
758 reshyning, reflected.
759 on her head, at Dido's head.
762 her heat fading, the warmth of the body decreasing, her life faded into the wind
THE DESCRIPTION OF LIPAREN 3 tamponds, tampions, stoppers, plugs.
5 tosters, toasters; evidently so called because they are always standing at the forge, as one who toasts bread stands before the fire.
chamferye, chamfer- or channelwise. The only instance recorded. sharded, reduced to shards of fragments.
6 dub a dub, imitative of the sound; cf. 1553; Udal Royster D. IV, vii (Arb.) 74 "Now Saint Géorge to borow. Drum dubbe a dubbe a fore".
tabering, taboring, beating upon a tabor or drum. rip rap; cf. II, 505.
7 yawl, cry out loudly.
8 gads, spikes, bars.
parchfulye; N.E.D.? in a parched or burning state. 10 fordgd harth, forge + hearth.
12 rakehells; cf. I, 146. yrne, iron.
13 baerlym, bare-limbed. The only instance recorded.
*3



14 vpbotching, botching up, mending. ,
15 a clapping fyerbott; influence of thunder bolt.
rownce robel hobble, imitating thunder. See Introductaon.
17 wrlnglye, twistedly. The only instance in the N.E.D. wrythen, writhen, distorted.
sowclng, sousing, swooping dovm like a hawk. See Skeat & Mayhew.
18 rampyred, fixed. . ,.
19 wheru's, wha-rves; i.e. the whorls of a spinde. The Lat. has: radios. rufflered, boisterous. The only instance recorded.
21 rutfe raffe noisy* cf. 1,134: rifs rafs.
22 oeale meale, peUrneU. The earliest instance recorded of the adj. is dated^»;* Jas. I, Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 17: "The PeUrneU Chok with larum loud alwhair See Ded.: rhythme peale meale.
thwick thwack. See Introd.
23 gyreful, full of gyres, circling. Only two instances are recorded.
24 flayllng, striking as with a flail. 26 bafful, bateful quarrelsome.
28 shrined, covered with rich ornament. The only instance recorded.
20 sculcks, numbers. . . . , 30 cocketed; to cocket = to join in building by means of projection and notch. 02 voyd, have done with. ■ . .
flamfews; a corruption of Fr. fanfelue = bubble; agewgaw. fautotic^tbiug. trifle; cf. 1580 Baret, AJv. F. 614: "A flamefew, or the Moonesmne in the Water . quoa, misprint for quod. the begun wurck; cf. III, 21. —



APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
To show what Stanyhurst could do, when not handicapped by quantitative hexameter, I add one of hls translations of the Psalms.
HEERE AFTER ENSVE CERTEYN PSALMES OF DAUID translated in too English, according to thee obseruation of thee Latin verses.
AS thee Latinists haue diuerse kindes of verses besydes the Heroiacal • so our English wyl easelye admyt theym, althogh in thee one language or oother they sowne not al so pleasinglie too the eare (by whose balance thee rowling of thee verse is too bee gaged) as the sole heroical, or the heroical and thee elegiacal enterlaced one with the oother.
I haue made proofe of the Jambical verse in thee translation of thee first Psalme of Dautd, making bold with thee curteous reader, too acquaynt hym there with.
THEE FIRST PSALME OF DAVID, named in Latin, Beatus vit, translated in too English Iambical verse.
1 That wight is happy and gratious, That tracks noe wicked coompanye; Nor stands in il mens segnorye;
In chayre ne sits of pestilence.
2 But in the sound law of the lord His mynd, or heast is resiaunt: And on the sayd law meditat's, With hourlye contemplation.
3 That man resembleth vereh/e The graffe bye riuer situat; Yeelding abundant plentines Of fruict, in haruest seasoned.
4 With heunlye ioyce stil nurrished His leafe bye no means vannisheth; What thing his hert endeuoureth, Is prosperously accomphshed.
5 Not so the sinful creaturs,
Not so there acts are prosperous; But lyke the sand, or chaffye dust, That wynddye pufs fro ground doe blow.



6 Therefor in houre iudicial,
The vngodlye shal vnhaunst remayne; And shal be from the coompanye Of holye men quit sundered.
7 Because the lord preciselye knows The godlye path of goastlye men; The fleshlye tracé of filthye deeds Shal then be cleene extinguished.
APPENDIX II
The following fourteen lines from Phaer's translation will show the enormous difference from Stanyhurst's. The rhyming couplets and the easy-flowmg rhythm make the whole monotonous. I prefer Stanyhurst's force and fury.
The first boke of the Eneidos.
I that my slender Oten Pyppe in verse was wont to sounde
Of Woodes, and nexte to that I taught for husbandmen the grounde
How f rute vnto their gredie luste thei might constrayne to bryng,
A worcke of thankes: Lo now of Mars and dreadfull warres I syng.
Of Armes. and of the man of Troye, that first by fatall flight
Did thens arriue to Lauine lande that now Italia hight.
But shaken sore with many a storme by seas and landes ytost
And al for Iunos endless wrath that wrought to haue had him lost.
And sorrowes great in warrs he bode ere he ye walles coude frame
Of mightie Rome, & bring ye goddes to auatice ye Romam name.
Now Muse direct my song to teil for what offence and why:
What aüyd so this quene of gods to drue thus cruelly
This noble prince of vertue müde from place to place to tode
Soch paines to take: may heuëly mindes so sore in racour bode.
APPENDIX III
Iohn Patés Printer
To Thee Cvrteovs Reader
I am too craue thy paciêce and paynes (good reader) in bearing wyth such fauttes as haue escapte in printing; and in correcting as wel such as are layd downe heere tÓVtnvview**aTootiierThereat thow shalt hap too stumble in perusing tius treatrse TnYeSuelrye of imprinting English in theese partes, and thee absence of the author from pSng soom proofes lould not choose but breede errours. But for thee^abndging oTtb; trauayle I wyl lay downe such faultes as are at this present found too bee of SeSSrtaücYAnd as for thee wrög pkvcing of an V for an N. or an N for an V fnd in PriXg two EE for one E, or one for two, and for thee mispoyncting of penods; thee coSon of theese I must bee forced for this tyme too refer too thye fnendlye paynes.
Favltes. Correction. Im thee dedicatorye epistle. Page lllin. 4 Endewours reade, Endeuours
lin. 22 ac as 
1 The numbers of the pages naturally refer to the 1582 edition.



Page 3 lin. 32 cooke in soom copyes booke
Page 4 lin. (25) that hath beene' that haue beene
lin. 28 applinig Applying
Page 5 lin. 31 frinig pan frying pan JöjjPj
In thee Epistle too the Reader.
Page 2 lin. 14 misheth misseth
lin. 28 Ortögraghy Ortógraphy
Page 3 lin. 16 laynig layirig
hn. 28 beenig beeing
Page 2 lin. 11 mishing missing
lin. 36 rang randg
Page 17 lin. 6 sanckt sanck
lin. 25 wüde wyde
Page 19 lin. 22 Endewours endeuours
Page 23 lin. 29 with his chaapt staf with chaapt staf
Page 25 Hn. 1 choloricque cholericque
hn. 33 sacrafice sacrifice
Page 36 hn. 22 shaw Priamus saw Priamus
Page 38 lin. 17 woonman wooman
Page 41 lin. 13 assijstaunce Assistaunce
lin. 36 progeniotours progenitours
Page 54 hn. 26 desolat angel desolat angle
Page 60 lin. 18 fyrd Sicil fyerd Sicil
Page 63 lin. 36 A folck moaste A folck moate
1 a coompanye or an assemblye
Page 106 lin. 24 Faultes abydeth Faultles abydeth
Imprinted at Leiden in Holland by Iohn Patés Anno MDLXXXII.
It is interesting to note that even in those corrections we find inaccuracies page 4 hne 28 applinig is printed applinyg page 5 line 3r frinig is printed frynig
page 41 line 13 assijstaunce is printed assiistaunce page 60 line 18 fyrd Sicü is printed fird Sicil
APPENDIX IV
Misprints in Arber's Edition. Dedication
4 outward - owtward; 33 mastèr - mayster; 56 wordes - woordes; 57 than - then; 68 apparaüe - apparraile; 152 yet - yea; 178 with - wyth;
Pref ace
32 abridged - abriged; 40 wordes - woordes; 63 with many - wyth manye; 74 discesue - dicesue; 80 others - oothers; 96 likewyze - lykewise; 153 the - thee; 156 then theu.
Book I
29 likewise - lykewise; 70 mewed - mewd; 79 with - wyth; 83 to - too; 92 with wyth; 134 these-theese; 135 vnexpected - vnexspected; 156 he-Thee; i70streamingsteammg; 183 noourished - noourrished; 213 we - wee; 221 doo - dooe; 239 slaghtred -



slaghterd; 258 are - ar; 260 touzed - touzd; 273 lawes - laws; 331 oughly - ougly; ■ 334 to thee-6 to the; 336 Goddesse - Godesse; 371 see - se; 430 platforms - platfoorms; 493 owtstretched - owtstreched; 494 combyned - combynd; 505 lyke - lyk; 533 our-oure; 541 named-namd; 547 theer -heer; 549 pushmg - pusshing; 551 rememberd - remembred; 559 too - toe; 589 companye - Coompanye; 622 thou - thow; 674 thou - thow; 695 hoatloeue - hoatlooue; 711 the - thee; 718 Acanthus - Achanthus; 719 chieflye - chiefllye; 750 twanged - twangd; 757 the - thee; 759 stretcht strecht; 763 quoth — quod.
Book II
11 slumber - slnmber; 31 the tents - thee tents; 86 we - wee; 111 oit - oft; 116 reuengement - reuengment; 129 his - he; 145 to - too; 209 Lauissaean - Lauissoean; 219 vpstreaming - vpsteaming; 286 herd - berd; 294 see - se; 351 Hispanis - Hipanis; 352 lusty - lustye; 359 determyned - determynd; 385 HVsayd - Hee sayd; 386 He Hee; 395 Choroebus - Choraebus; 403 tooke-took; 431 freshly-freshlye; 560 speedely - speedelye; 564 poor - poore; 571 now - nowe; 575 memorye - memory; 598 fryrebrand - fyrebrand; 601 roystring - roysting; 611 murder - murther; 645 at - al; 652iuuentus - iunentus; 685 me - mee; 697 woonderu - woonderus; 730 godly - godlye;731 oure - our; 750 fle - flee; 757 she - shee; 758 holy - holye; 771 night ye - nightye; 771 quayled - quayld; 797 banged - bangd;
Book III
48 named - namd; 56 heee - hee; 62 my -mye; 70 poured - pourd; 91 our - oure; 102 their - theire; 103 outcrye - owtcrye; 165 be - bee; 177 their - theire; 196 roundly roundlye; 197 aboue - abooue; 201 mostye - moystye; 206 soony - soonny; 214 Ce laeno - Celoeno; 228 flushing - flusshing; 249 Celaeno - Celoeno; 253 banish - bannish; 276 woddye - wooddye; 282 borough - borrough; 293 terget - tergat; 323 husband hnsband; 343 unexpected - unexspected; 344 master - mayst»; 354 her - the; 357 she - shee; 373 spooksmake - spooksmate; 412 are - ar; 415 Melibaeus - Mehboeus; 455 shall - shal; 475 frendlye - freendlye; 478 he - hee; 518 maynteyned - manteyned; 524 nor - not; 624 Achaemenides - Achoemenides; 626 your - youre; 630 murder murther; 706 Achaemenides - Achoemenides; 728 Celaeno - Celoeno; 730 hence-thence; 730 me — mee;
Book IV
23' Sichams - Sichceus; 53 your - youre; 54 your - youre; 61 Lyaeus - Lyoeus: 74 üghteth - lighteh; 76 deadly- deadlye; 128 this-his; 133 assemblye - asemblye; 167 assemblye - asem - blye; 185 Caeus - Coeus; 201 kingdom - kingdoom; 257 he - hee; 261 froasthoare - frosthoare; 311 their - theire; 326 by thye - bye thye; 347 she - shee; 357 mind - mynd; 368 Troian - Troians; 377 he - hee; 397 sPeak speake; 398 Lycians - Lycian; 424 corner - corne; 435 loue - looue; 448 my - mye; 485 this - his; 509 neare - neere; 513 seixteen - seixten; 525 the - thee; 535 than then; 535 Sichaeus - Sichceus; 554 aparralyd - aparrayld; 566 nyghtyme - nightyme; 566 thogt - thoght; 573 lyke - lyk; 593 Sichaeus - Sichceus; 632 rowting - rootmg; 637 saüs - sayls; 642 goods - gods; 665 the - thee; 682 Sichaeus - Sichceus; 690 fyrebrands - firebrands; 694 murder - murther; 706 rasd - raysd; 717 spreading - spreadding; 723 the consecrat - thee consecrat; 751 the spirit - thee spirit.
Book VIII .32 these — theese.



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of P. Virgilius Maro. London 1880.
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STELLINGEN
I
Het is onjuist en leidt tot vemarring de twee deelen van Marston's „Antonio and Mellida" te beschouwen als één treurspel (A. W. Ward: English Dramatic Literature, II, 477).
II
Mrs. Centlivre's veel geciteerde uitdrukking: „But me no buts", is een navolging van Marston's: „Good me no Goods" (Antonio and Mellida, l 1513).
III
Trautmann's oplossing van het Oud-Engelsche Raadsel no. 27 (Grein no. 30) als „Vogel und Wind", in Bonner Beitrage, Heft XIX, pag. 198 vv. is onjuist.
IV
De waarde van het ongunstig oordeel van Nashe over Stanyhurst's vertaling is door de meeste critici zeer overschat.
V
Stanyhurst's: „The First Foure Bookes of Virgil his Aeneis", verdient meer den naam van bewerking dan dien van vertaling.
vi Jplif
In J. Gunnink: „Het dialect van Kampen en Omstreken", wordt de uitspraak van -en, ook na labialen en gutturalen aangegeven als sonante n. Dit is onjuist.
D. v. d. HAAR







VII
In J. Gunnink: „Het dialect van Kampen en Omstreken" wordt de uitspraak van de r na een klinker .onjuist aangegeven.
VIII
De scheidmgslijn tusschen voorwerp en bijwoordelijke bepaling moet anders getrokken worden dan Dr. Kruisinga doet in „A Handbook of Present- day English", en „An English Grammar for Dutch Students".
ix
Het gebruik van „whose", wanneer het antecedent niet de naam is van een persoon, is niet zooals Dr. Kruisinga beweert in: „A Handbook of Present- day English", beperkt tot literary English.
X
Het vermoeden dat het dialect van Genemuiden tot het Flevisch gerekend moet worden, berust op zeer lichte gronden en is onwaarschijnüjk (J. Winkler, Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon II, 53 en 70; Van Ginniken, Handboek der Nederlandsche Taal I, 57 en 79).
XI
De eisch voor het Machinisten Examen Diploma C theorie om in een half uur tijds een opstel in de Engelsche Taal te maken over een technisch onderwerp is, vooral in verband met de bestaande opleiding, onredelijk.
XII
Bij de machinisten examens voor de diploma's B en C theorie, behoort het onderdeel Engelsen te worden opgedragen aan examinatoren die niet alleen technisch maar ook op het gebied van Engelsen deskundig zijn.
XIII
De oplossing van het Oud-Engelsche Raadsel no. 73 is „The Dandelion".